1.The connection Professor Gilmore is talking about between racism and whiteness is that whiteness is a boundary between white people and minorities. As long as that boundary exists, the white people will always profit from other minorities

2. The prison system creates new criminals due to their negligence of society. This current economy is not nice towards those who aren’t rich. It’s difficult to provide a meal for themselves, to buy or rent a place to live, to get a nice job. All these conditions can push people to do certain things to survive, and they are deemed criminals for it.

3. What I understand when Professor Gilmore refers to liberation struggles is the endeavor of everyone coming together and fighting to dismantle the unjust system that does nothing but go against them.

1. The court system is more reliable in adhering to the individual because they make decisions based of the peoples rights first and foremost. They are not swayed by public opinion, nor do they pay attention to political beliefs or pressure. Their actions are entirely independent from all of that. For example, in the Ernesto Miranda case, the Supreme Court ruled that his Fifth Amendment was violated and was retried. This is a prime example of the court system making decisions based off of our rights. Miranda, being part of a minority and accused of rape and kidnapping, was not discriminated against but was instead listened by the court.

2. The Federal judges, unlike other political figures such as the President, are not appointed by popular vote. Which may add to the anti-democratic notion. I don’t believe the Federal Court is anti-democratic to discriminate, that being said, I still do believe that it is in fact anti-democratic. In “Federalist #10”, it mentioned that the Constitution is being made to prevent powerful factions from rising to the top and dominating the government. If they were to appoint democrats, a progressive faction that gains more people as time goes on, it would risk the possibility of going against the very reason the Constitution was made.

1. P. Williams claims that war against terror is a war of the mind. The war on terror is so broad and vague, that we don’t really know what we’re pledging war on. This leads to people becoming afraid of anyone they come across. This is different from regular war in regards of our target. In traditional war, we have a set, specific target, while the war on terror does not.

2. The “Roving Wiretaps” violate the Fourth Amendment in the Bill of Rights. The Fourth Amendment protects the people from unreasonable search and seizure. When you wiretap someone, you can eavesdrop and incriminate yourself in the process without ever knowing it.

3. The “Sneek and Peek Warrant” also goes against the Fourth Amendment. This warrant allows people like the FBI or police to enter your house with a search warrant without telling you. While law enforcement has a search warrant and is allowed to search your home, the person has the right to be noticed on it.

1. In the federal system, citizens have the power to vote for their leader but that’s as far as their influence goes. An example of countries that work under a federal system would be Canada, India, and the United States under the Constitution. It is made up of the president and members of Congress who make most of the decisions. In the unitary system, the national government holds power over the subnational governments, and the people hold little power. Some countries that use this system would be Sweden, Japan, and the United Kingdom. In the confederation system, the state holds power over the national government, giving the citizens much more power as it relies on subnational governments rather than a central one. The United States uses this system under the constitution.

2. The division of power in the government is due to the fear of holding too much power. Instead of giving one legislative the most influence, they split it up into different branches in order to keep everyone in check and divide the responsibility as well as the power.

3. The federal system control things such as funding, emergency responses, polices, etc. Because of all this, it creates a division between the states and the federal government. Though the states may agree on one thing, they need the federal system to approve of it. During COVID-19, the federal government gave out instruction to the states in regards to health guidance, funding, and regulatory actions. This alone tells us that the states depend on the government to keep order.

1. A concept that reminds me of a faction is social classes. For example, the upper and lower class both have their own different goals that aim to benefit them.

2. In Federalist Paper #10, it expresses that the source of attaining or maintaining wealth depends on the facilities of a man. What he means by this is in order to be successful in acquiring wealth, you yourself must have the ability and resources to do so and this can mainly come from being born into a wealthy family. Some may be able to acquire wealth from private property due to this very reason, while others who do not have any wealth or power to back them up will fail.

3. While this is the harsh reality of acquiring wealth, I do agree that this is how the system works. It would be difficult to come from a lower class family and manage to become wealthy.

4. The first object in the US government is the protection of facilities. This does come off as surprising to me as it wouldn’t be the first thing I would’ve thought of. It is different from today’s US government as the property of facilities is not a priority nor is it favored over the other issues in the United States.

5. I am not surprised that Federalist Paper #10 goes against democracy as I am aware there were prior fears of democracy among the Founding Fathers. The author had probably went against democracy because it was not in favor of the upper class. Democracy was spreading amongst the people who were not of wealth and their ideal government did not benefit them, which is why they were against it.

1. The reading states that when choosing who would be included in the writing of the Constitution, they gravitated towards wealthy and powerful men. As for the class that was excluded from writing the constitution, those of the lower class were not permitted to be involved. People such as slaves, servants, men who could not vote, and women were not allowed to be present.

2. I would argue the social class of today has changed slightly as opposed to that of the early United States. We have grown more diverse in our classes, specifically higher class, in things such as gender, race, and sexual orientation. I believe the diversity is what sets today’s social class apart from the early United States, and even though social classes have a wealth inequality, the diverseness provides opportunity at the very least.

3. They feared for the spread of democracy because they did not believe the people had the ability to decide what is right. Alexander Hamilton says that there are two groups of people, those born rich and wealthy, and the others are the mass of the people. He did not view them capable of deciding matters in political affairs.

1. The statistic of wealth that stood out to me most was that the top 1% consist of 40-50% of the nations total wealth, which is greater than the bottom 90% combined. I felt slightly frustrated at the drastic difference in power and wealth. It is truly unfair and unfortunate that so many people have to work low-income jobs when there are others higher up who profit from it, and they do not.

2. The implications of living in such an inequality of wealth is that it’s much more difficult for the working class to live a comfortable life. The difference in wealth makes it hard to fill the gap for most people, especially if they are working under a capitalist. Which means they are trapped in a life where the money they earn for their labour is used to for labour power, which mainly benefits the capitalist.

1.According to the M-C-M diagram, a capitalist remains wealthy by buying to sell. What this means is that a capitalist will buy a product or commodity, only to resell it for a higher price than when they purchased it. This leads to a surplus value that the capitalists take.

2)The M in M-C-M stands for money, and the C stands for commodity. The final M will always be higher than the first M because the goal for M-C-M is to gain more money than you’ve spent. Because of that, a surplus value is created and benefits the original buyer of the commodity.