1. I believe that the connection between “whiteness” and racism is that without both of these going hand in hand with one another then there will be no capitalism. It started racial without people realizing that the idea of race meant that black people and that it will continue to stay this way. As long as the people that imagined what they are not raised to be which is white people. But in reality this will never happen since white people will always be at the top of the racial capitalism. 
2. Gilmore states that the way that this first started was due to surplus labor. California in the early 1980’s is that they being to build prison after prison after prison. They could’ve built a university, factors, the list is long. Prison help to push surplus to be able to gain what they want. They need to have a steady stream of criminals to keep coming. In order to do this the sentences need to be longer, the type of crimes that they commit needs to be hasher. It even comes down to the people that find themselves being caught up in the system and try to get out. They find themselves going back home and reenter society, to find themselves back in the same things that got them caught up. I agree with her views on this because prison systems are meant to keep those that have been in the system time in time again to repeat the cycle over and over again, Most career criminals never tend to have a chance to fix and change their ways due to their “re entry” back into society. Something that does not help them if they’re being placed back into the same community and around the same people that has cause them to “relapsed” 
3.  Professor Gilmore describes “liberation struggle” is placed- based deliberation struggle the scale might differ widely and the size might differ widely but it is all placed based. It is specific to the needs and the struggles of people where they’re and that where it has many dimensions. What she means by this is that this scale is being placed and these “prisons” are being placed in places that often show where there is a struggle within the community. So in California this is the cause of why they have continued to build so many prisons year after year for the past 23 years. 

1. The court system is better suited to protect an individual than the elected branches of government because they are here to protect the rights of an individual. The ground break case of Miranda v. Arizona changed the laws that would fight to ensure that someone’s rights were given prior to speaking with law enforcement. After appealing his court case to the Arizona Supreme Court and then to the U.S Supreme Court he would win the case. By a slim 5-4 margin the court would ruled that the confession he gave had to be excluded from evidence based on the fact that police had violated his Fifth Amendment rights to self-incrimination and his sixth Amendment right to have an attorney present. The court believes that because of the nature of police interrogation, no confession can be deemed admissible unless a subject is made aware of his rights and then in turn waives those rights.  
2. I agree that the Supreme Court is indeed anti-democratic there are many reasons why this statement is true. In the year of 2022 we have officially 9 supreme court justices on the bench as of today. We have a more conservative judicial branch than we have had in the past years. In order for a justice to become a part of the bench they must be appointed by a sitting President. Based on that current President political party will determine the judge that they would like to apportioned to the supreme court. While at times some members of the court may surprise us with their votes majority of the time they are picked based on the beliefs and political party that they are aligned with. President Trump when in office chose judges that he felt would be best suited to join the branch but at the same time had many of the same views that his party had as well.

1. The primary differences in the roles of citizens in government and among the three different systems of government is that there is a popular sovereignty. The principle of this means that the government power lies within the people. The theory of this comes from the concept of social contract and that the government should be for the benefit of all citizens. If the government is not doing all it can to protect its citizens then it should be dissolved. The term social contract means that the state exists only to serve the people who are the source of all political power. This idea is one of the foundations of the American political system today. 

2.The division of power is what modern democracies use to divide their governmental power into two general categories. The first is something that is like the way the US is run by using a combination of two structures. The first and most common one is by sharing the power among the three branches of government- the legislative, the executive and the judiciary branches. The second part is known as Federalism. With Federalism they believe to split the right amount of power between the two levels of government on a national and state level. Within the United States the term federal government is referring to the government on a national level. While with the term states means government at the subnational level.

3.The federal government has shaped the actions of state and local governments in many different ways. Some of the ways that they do this is by giving out grants. The national government’s ability to give out grants is normally considered to be a “carrot” to the extent of its design in which the main goal is to have the recipient do something. But with unfunded mandates that can be imposed by the federal government they come with federal requirements that must be met by both state and local authorities. With Mandates they are usually backed up with the threat of penalties for non-compliance and provide little to no compensation at all. These types of deals are often referred to as a “stick.”

In regards to the response of how the Federal government has influenced the action of state and local governments it played a big role in many of the steps being taken. NYC at the height of Covid 19 was considered to be a epicenter and a huge spreader for Covid 19. While former Governor Andrew Comuo did his best to keep things under control for both at a state and local level it was impossible. People were losing their jobs, there became a shortage of ventailers and a city found itself with stock piles of people dying left and right. During this time under the Defense Production Act (DPA) the federal government can direct production by private industry to increase the supply of needed goods. Which would help increase economic productivity and increase the supply of needed goods. President Trump didn’t not act on this right away which caused millions of families to lose their loved ones.  President Trump instead failed to order an increase in needed supplies until April 16 well almost two months into a lock down. Thus the federal government forced the local level’s hand and Mayor Bill De Blaso would seek help from a private company to produce well needed ventilators.

1. The social class that wrote the constitution of the US would be those that owned land and had wealth at this time. In reading 6.2 they would be considered real property holders. The group or society classes that were excluded at this time were those that are within the  disenfranchised class. These members were women, Native Americans, people of African descent. indentured servants and any white male that was lacking sufficient property. Property owners in the south were excluded from taking part in writing the constitution as well. To be considered within the class of a real property owner you had to not only have money, but be wealthy enough to have land as well. 
2. I would say that for the most part they are closely the same. The reason why I believe this is because we see wealthy rich folks now trying to oppress other classes from voting. An example of this is in Atlanta, Georgia, a southern state where we see voters struggling to obtain their rights. We see politicians who would be considered back then a part of the owned land society class trying to keep the disenfranchised class down. 
3. In terms of a democratic government the reason why they were so scared of this is because it was determined that a person of birth and fortune should control the affairs of the nation and be able to have the power to hold checks and balances. The reason why in terms of social class this would fear many is that not only rich and power landowners within the real property social class could take part in the government but other social classes could as well. This would include framers who had landed and slave owners who owned land as well but were not consider to be apart of this class. The biggest issue that would come out of this was now for those who hold or didn’t hold property started to form interest in their society and their first “object of the government” was to the protection of everyone’s rights. The founders were not happy about this but everyone would come to an agreement that would consist of two legislation. They would have the House of Representatives who would be elected every two years. While members of the Senate would serve six year terms. The seats in the House would be shared among the states according to population and regardless of population each state would have two seats in the Senate. 

1. Faction reminds me of social classes and how depending on the social class that you are a part of plays a role into how you are viewed in society. The reason for this is because in Federalist Paper #10, They believe that a number of citizens or whether it be a majority or a minority of people. In social class we see the same views, we have the upper class and the lower and working classes. 
2. The source of wealth (private property) is seen as the diversity between the faculties of men from which their rights of property originate and it’s not a less insuperable obstacle to a form of interests. A factor that plays into why some stay in a position of wealth and others stay poor is how the factions or social classes at this time play a role. What I mean by this is that those who are born into wealth and money will continue to pass this onto their offspring and so on. As with a woman for example she may be born into wealth that does not change the fact that she can’t be considered a part of the wealthy property owners at this time because of her gender. 
3. I disagree with the idea that wealth and property come from because in this type of viewing you are unable to obtain a higher status based on gender, if you are a white male that is born poor, or someone of African descent. These groups of people are considered a part of the disenfranchised class which does not give them much of a chance to make their lives better.  
4. The core mission of the U.S government is to keep the fractions the way that they are, and secondly make sure that democracy doesn’t take over. I am not shocked by this because till this day we have people that work in politics that believe that democracy is bringing the government down. They believe that if they allow democracy to take over all the hard work that they have put in will mess up the ideas that they feel the way the government should be run. This does sound like today because certain republicans believe that women should not be in positions of power. And even if they are, they believe that the government should be run by rich old white men. They feel that only certain classes and groups of people should be able to vote. 
5. I am not surprised that this article is in support of a republican(representative) form of government. The reason why the author disagrees with a (pure) democratic form of government is because if all social classes were able to take part in a government they believe that it would be pure madness. Their view on a pure democracy would consist of a society of a small number of citizens who assemble and administer their own government in person and can admit that there would be any problems with the factions. But in the eyes of a republic government there would be schemes of representation taking place, a different prospect and the promises for what they believe in. So to them with a democratic government that allows all of its citizens or social classes to take apart it would be pure madness. Nothing would get done and the government would soon fall apart. But with a Republican society things would be in order and things would get done. 

1. An example of labor and production is the ice tea and how it’s sold. The production in this situation  is the ice tea and the products that you need. You would need powder, sugar, lemons, straws, cups and a table to have everything on. The production in this example is much ice tea with a lemon and a straw. 
2. Value is the time put into making a product or the labor that comes from this product. If you make a bunch of an item and it’s not selling you will be stuck with a constant value. With the idea of selling Ice Tea if you make a bunch of cups of Ice Tea and it’s not selling then this causes it to have a constant value. 
3. Means for product and the product and labor (time) equal value for the return.
4.  An example of this, Students pay money to receive an education from teachers. Students have to purchase books online, computers, and a router for wifi. They’re also required to have a school email to attend classes. How much students are spending is the investment that they are putting into themselves. Another form of investment is how long we study and put effort into the assignments given to us. By attending classes and applying what we learned is the value of labor power. This is also the drive needed to continue class in order to graduate with a degree. 
5. Surplus valve is an investment, an example of this is Bitcoin. People buy into a product and now when they have an investment by putting a value increase. When you choose to sell this investment you receive a profit for this with taxes benign withdrawal as well. Due to the government wanting 10% of the earnings you have received from you selling a part of your investment. 
   1. It is important to know about surplus value because it explains how much you are dependent on your work (worth). It also shows us how much you are getting for your work (labor) and what the amount investors get paid for your work.

1. The similarities between readings 4.1 and 4.2 are that both readings give numbers and information about how people in social class are. What I mean by this is how different individuals across New York City are placed into a social class. The biggest difference between the two articles is that the first one gives history and a background about social classes. As with the second article we see based on the line and area you live within NY how your income compares and what class you would be considered to be a part of. The first article explains that the word “class” means to be appended after terms such as “working”, “ruleing”, “lower” and “upper” is a short way to describe these hierarchical steps. It even gives us a breakdown of how people choose to identify themselves in regards to social classes. 3% identify themselves as upper class, we then have 15% identify themselves as being in upper middle class. 43% identify themselves as middle class. 30% consider themselves to be in the working class and lastly 8% identify themselves as lower class. Also there are other factors that play into how one views their social class. These factors include race as well as rural areas of living. 

2. Based on the A line between the 125st- 145st station I am not shocked by these results that are being shown. The reason why I say this is because one this is considered a rural area. This is an area that mainly minorities live in. There are many projects that are surrounding this area and for many it’s a struggle to be able to afford to live in NYC if your income is not salary based. I would say that the social class that tends to live in this area is considered to be low and working class but leaning  more towards lower class. The reason why I said this is because a lot of individuals that currently live in the projects tend to be on some type of government assistance. If they’re not on government assistance they may have a job that is not paying enough that they are able to afford rent outside of the projects. 
3. Based on 4.2 reading one pattern that is shocking is that no matter what part of Manhattan you live in it tends to seem that you are considered upper class. On the A line from train stations Chambers st to 59th street train station we see that many of these individuals consider themselves to be upper class. I would assume that the majority of the individuals that live in this area are white. Many minorities do not consider themselves to be a part of the upper class society. Also something else that stood out to me when you travel deeper into Manhattan and Brooklyn you notice that if the area is in a rural area that social class would be considered either working or lower class. 

1. The distinction that 4.3 makes between owners and employees is that the range of incomes between both classes makes this distinction. To be considered an “owner” in this term refers to the wealthy stockholders of big corporations. An example of the owner would be seen as folks that live off investments, which can include stocks and bonds. The employees in regards to this are those that live off their wages, salaries and fees. So someone at the management level or below a management position would be considered in this title. 
2. Adam Smith quote to me means labor is the value of any product or service that you’re paying for. If you want to place an order for a product or service that is being done it all equals money. What makes something become a profit is that you are taking the time to put work for the product or service. You then may be manufacturing, shipping, advertising and selling products. I believe that he is saying that the labor that you are doing will turn into a profit. 
3. I believe that the statement that class is not an identity. I believe this statement to be false because there is more to say to this argument. Paul Heidman argues that its class is like an identity in regards to race or gender and that socialist believe that it’s the most important identity. They are not rejecting the idea but instead they are promoting their favored version of what it means. 
4. I understand this to mean that there are two parts to understanding what it means to be class structure in different forms of hierarchy. The first part talks about class structures that are built around close forms of dependencies. The second part to this is off the basis of capitalist class power. They have control over their society’s productive assets which forces all of society into dependency at once. An example of this is a worker is always in a position of having their interest at least threatened by employers’ capitalist views. 

1. A Repressive State Apparatus is a state in which you get people to act against their interest. There are two parts to it, one of them is fear and the other is ideology. In order to do this one must use the control of violence by the usage of police, courts and prisons systems. But fear is not the part of this if you are a normal person that belongs to a group this also plays a factor into this as well. By the usage of the word violence he doesn’t mean in a physical way but rather in a mental way. By placing fear on someone and letting them know that their actions could possibly cause them to go to jail they may choose to not go down the wrong path. 
2. An ideological state apparatus prevents change to the status quo which includes schools, politics and the mass media. An example of this is that in politics we see a status quo that gives you the choice so that you feel that you are contributing to the society and how things work. But today you have a choice between two different parties which you have to view as are you picking between the status quo or status quo. Regardless of the choice that you make it will not change anything. So an example of this would be elections regardless of who you may vote for the majority of the time we never see change happen. 

3. The difference between these two states is that one is pushed by fear while the other is pushed by a group. To cause fear in one person by telling them that if they commit a crime that they will have to see a judge and possibly go to jail may scare them. By using such “violence” one can see that the actions will have a cause and effect. Whereas with ideological state apparatus we see this push in certain fields. We are taught in school that you need to obey authority and follow all of the rules. And when you don’t follow the rules there will be consequences to come from this. 
4. 

This is an example of Ideological state apparatus