The role of citizens in government changes depending on whether the country has a federal, confederation, or unitary system. In a federal system, like the U.S., power is divided between national and state governments, giving citizens multiple ways to participate. People can vote in national elections for leaders like the president and Congress, state elections for governors and legislators, and local elections for mayors and city councils. They can also influence policy through referenda or ballot initiatives. A confederation is different because the central government has very limited power, and most decisions are made at the state or regional level. This means citizens mainly engage with their state governments instead of a strong national authority. Historical examples include the Articles of Confederation in early U.S. history and the European Union today, where people vote for their national leaders and for representatives in the European Parliament. In a unitary system, like France or the U.K., the national government holds most of the power, while local governments carry out its policies without much independence. Citizens mainly interact with the central government through voting in national elections, since local governments follow the central authority’s decisions.

The division of power refers to how authority is shared among different levels of government. In a federal system, power is divided between national and state governments, each with its own responsibilities. For example, the national government handles defense and foreign policy, while states manage education and local laws. Some responsibilities, like taxation and law enforcement, are shared. In a confederation, the states hold most of the power, and the national government relies on them for things like trade agreements or military cooperation. Under the Articles of Confederation, the U.S. national government couldn’t collect taxes or enforce laws, making it weak. In a unitary system, the central government has all the power and can delegate responsibilities to local governments, but it can also take that power back whenever it wants. This system focuses on national unity and efficiency rather than dividing authority among different levels.

The federal government played a major role in shaping New York State’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic, mostly through financial aid and policy guidance, The CARES Act and the American Rescue Plan provided funding for stimulus checks, unemployment benefits, and support for state and local governments. FEMA covered costs for emergency supplies and temporary hospitals, allowing New York to improve healthcare, expand testing, and roll out vaccinations. The federal government also issued public health guidelines, which New York followed by enforcing mask mandates, business closures, and social distancing rules. However, New York sometimes went beyond federal recommendations, like implementing stricter lockdowns and vaccine requirements. The state worked with federal agencies to set up large vaccination sites, such as the one at the Javits Center. The National Guard helped distribute food, medical supplies, and manage testing and vaccination sites. Additionally, the federal government encouraged states to coordinate their policies, leading New York to team up with New Jersey and Connecticut to create regional travel and quarantine restrictions for high-risk states. This cooperation helped prevent confusion and made pandemic policies more consistent across state lines.