1) In my view , Ideology refers to a set of beliefs, values, and ideas that shape the way individuals and groups perceive the world and their place in it. As a Pakistani woman living in New York, I’ve experienced firsthand how different ideologies can influence one’s identity and interactions. In Pakistan, cultural and religious ideologies play a significant role in shaping societal norms and expectations, particularly regarding gender roles. Moving to New York exposed me to a more diverse and liberal set of ideologies, where individualism and personal freedom are highly valued. This contrast has allowed me to critically evaluate and blend these differing perspectives, creating a unique worldview that respects my heritage while embracing the opportunities and freedoms of my new environment.

2) Based off my understanding, conservative and liberal ideologies in US politics differ mainly in their approach to change and government involvement. Conservatives generally prefer to keep things the way they are or return to traditional values, emphasizing limited government and personal responsibility. They believe in a free-market economy with less regulation. Liberals, on the other hand, are more open to change and reform, advocating for a more active government role in addressing social inequalities and providing public services. For example, when it comes to healthcare, conservatives often support private healthcare systems and oppose government-run programs, while liberals push for expanding government healthcare like Medicare to ensure everyone has access to medical care.

3) Althusser’s concept of ideology goes beyond just a collection of ideas or beliefs , it’s a comprehensive system that influences how people perceive themselves and their role in society. According to Althusser, ideology operates through everyday practices and institutions like schools, media, and family, which continuously reinforce the prevailing social order. This system helps individuals make sense of and accept the world as it is, even if it’s not in their best interests. Ideology plays a crucial role in maintaining power structures by shaping people’s identities and making them unknowingly participate in their own subordination. This often happens without their awareness. Althusser describes this process as “interpellation,” where individuals are called upon by ideology and come to recognize their place within the societal framework. Essentially, people internalize social norms and expectations, which makes them complicit in sustaining the existing power dynamics. This subtle yet powerful influence of ideology ensures that the dominant social order remains intact by embedding itself deeply into the fabric of everyday life.