1.Repressive apparatus is used by the government to exert control over society by threats and taking advantage of their authority power. He calls it repressive because of the punishment and laws some examples used are police, military, judges, etc.

2. Ideological state apparatus uses morals and beliefs to shape a persons point of view. conforming to society without realizing, some ways are through schools, churches, and family.

3.Repressive apparatus and ideological state apparatus differs in ways of how they “control. Repressive uses punishment and force while ideological uses ideas and beliefs so that people conform without noticing.

4. This photo and scene for those who have seen the movie represent the use of repressive apparatus because although they have the right to protest, police are there to give punishment for a good cause. their authority and extreme punishments and threats make people fear standing up to them.

1. The means of production is the machine that is used to make the product that is being sold, like a factory. The means of labor is a persons effort they put into the work, like a factory worker.
2. The more time, skill and effort you put into something, the more valuable it becomes. labor makes things valuable.

3.Labor and value are related because labor is the work you are putting into something and value is measured by how much labor you do. They both use one another as a measurement in a way.

4. To my understanding the difference between labor and labor power is that labor power is your ability to work, but clothes, food, and shelter plays a role in your abilities longevity for the day. while labor is the effort you put in that gives you value.
5. Surplus value is your time being used for the private corporation for profit. We are always going to get paid less than our labor is worth. It is important for us to know about this in our class because surplus value contributes to the happening of capitalism, and capitalism is a problem that contributes to social classes.

1. The similarities I noticed in both readings is how they both point out the distinct social classes we have within our societies and how we function in these social classes. The Difference is how each article is how they explain social classes. In reading 4.1, Gallup focuses on how people self identify their social classes depending on area, education, and work. Reading 4.2 is more objective because it paints a picture of income differences in the train stations.
2. The station closest to me has the A, C, B, and D lines. I think my area has more working/ middle class people and i am not surprised by that because i live in a community that has mostly elders, an educated area, and the average income that needs to be had to live in my neighborhood.

3.The social pattern in NYC are very different area to area and we can notice that when traveling in the city. neighborhoods with middle and upper class people tend to have all the new and clean stations compared to how in some stations known to be in lower class are left in horrible conditions.

1. To my understanding ideology is the ideas and belief of certain point of views politically that people tend to side with once they are older depending on parents beliefs, what they learn in school, rebellious behavior , education, and environment. In other words ideology is your political identity that you choose.
2. Liberal and conservative ideologies are like two people looking at the world through different lenses. liberals are more for government support in communities, especially ones that need it the most and conservatives are more for the economy and wants the government to spend less money on things like healthcare, housing, etc. The dividing line for the two is determining the power the government should have on our lives.
3. Ideology is not just ones belief, but it is something that contributes to how our society runs. We all have these rules or things we think our common sense because they were in stilled in us , Like going to school for examples in the video it pointed out how most of our lives we go to school and are taught to conform.

1. I believe Southern politicians used ‘law and order” to frame their defense of segregation because it covered up how they were being openly racist by promoting racist agendas because they did not use words that are deemed racist.

2.I do think in some ways the southern strategy is still influencing American politics today because there is still open racism disguised with strategic wording. Today there are still efforts to divide races using political parties. Republicans are often blaming increases in things due to people who depend on welfare, which is mostly minorities.

1. The main explanation as to why so many people are sent to jail in the U.S is explained to be because of the war on drugs. Michelle Alexander expresses “This view holds that the racial disparities in drug convictions and sentences, as well as the rapid explosion of the prison population, reflect nothing more than the government’s zealous—but benign—efforts to address rampant drug crime in poor, minority neighborhoods.” She believes the true reasoning for the mass incarceration was because of how the government and the media portrayed minority communities for the reason there was illegal drug distribution. This caused the mistaken belief that most drug dealers are black or brown, when the war on drugs was announced drug crime was actually declining and not rising.

2. The rate of incarceration cant be explained by rates of drug crimes because statistically it shows that people of all colors use and sell drugs at the same rate, so that is why Alexander is arguing that mass incarceration is because of systemic racism and not actual crimes.

3. To my understanding the phrase ‘the American penal system has emerged as a system of social control unparalleled in world history” is saying how mass incarceration was not to provide safeness and clean the streets, it was to control marginalized communities to feel in control.