Keilany rivera

Many people believe that courts are often better at protecting people’s rights than elected officials because judges focus more on the Constitution rather than political pressure. Since judges do not have to campaign or win votes, they are less influenced by public opinion and can make decisions based strictly on legal principles. This is especially important in cases involving civil liberties like freedom of speech or equal protection, where courts can step in and stop the government if it overreaches. For example, if a law restricted free speech just because some people disliked certain ideas, the courts could rule that it violates the Constitution.

In contrast, elected officials usually respond to what the majority of voters want in order to stay in office. While this represents democracy, it can sometimes leave minority groups without strong protection if their views are unpopular. Courts help balance this by ensuring that constitutional rights apply equally to everyone, not just the majority.

At the same time, I do not fully see the Supreme Court as anti-democratic, although I understand why some people argue that. Justices are not elected, so it can seem like they are not directly accountable to the public. However, that is intentional, since it allows them to focus on the Constitution without worrying about political popularity. They are still indirectly connected to democracy because they are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Overall, the court system helps protect fairness and individual rights, even if it is not directly driven by elections.

KEILANY RIVERA

The Supreme Court did not side with the 1.5 million women employees for a few important reasons. One of the main issues was a technical problem in how the lawsuit was filed. The women brought the case as a Rule 23(b)(2) class action, which is meant for situations where a group is asking for changes in company policies. However, they also asked for back pay, which falls under Rule 23(b)(3). Because of this, the case became inconsistent in how it was legally structured.

Another major issue was “commonality,” which is required for a class action lawsuit. A class action means a large group of people sue together because they share a similar legal claim. The women argued that they all experienced discrimination at Walmart, but Justice Scalia explained that it is not enough to share a general issue. The group must also share a common solution. Since the women were affected in different ways by different managers, in different stores, and under different circumstances the Court decided there was not enough similarity to treat them as one unified class.

This interpretation is important because it makes it harder for large groups to bring class action cases. It suggests that unless both the problem and the solution are very closely shared, a class action lawsuit may not be allowed to move forward.

from what I learned the diagram, MCM is what represents how capitalists maintain, but also increase their wealth. For example, M stands for money that the capitalist initially invest in order to buy commodities, which is what the sea stands for, but it also includes both labor power, which is the workers capacity to work and the means of production, which is the tools materials and resources needed in order to produce finally, the capitalist, then uses labor to produce new commodities, which then are sold on the market for even more money than it was originally invested, which is what’s the last stands for therefore the difference between M and the original M comes from surplus value that is usually by the workers labor essentially workers create more value than they are paid and wages, and the capitalist keep the extra as the profit and that process explains how capitalists continuously, accumulate wealth, and they buy labor power and means a production in order to extract surplus value through production to then later sell the resulting goods for more money and they just repeat the cycle in order to grow their capital lastly that shows that wealth and capitalism is not just about owning resources, but about controlling how they extract value from it and controlling labor.

I think two key concepts are the means of production and labor, and the means of production are the tools, machinery, land, and raw materials that are used in order to produce goods. For example, it could be for bakery, ovens mixers, and even flour, but labor on the other hand is the human effort and skill that is applied to those tools like a bigger needing dough and a baking bread and continuation.

Another important concept is value that can be determined by the socially necessary labor that’s required to produce a good or service, for example the hours of skilled work that goes into making in handmade chair, has lots of value and time put into it that goes into saying labor and value are directly connected because laborers were create value, but the more labor that’s put into a product the more valuable it is, and that is important to understand because the difference between labor and labor power is very different. Labor is actual work performed while labor power is a persons capacity or ability to work that can later be sell an employer finally surplus value refers to the difference between the value workers produce, and the wage they are paid, and that explains how capitalists make profit and highlighting the basis of exploitation in class systems because for example, if a worker produces $200 worth of goods in just one day but gets only paid $100 extra 100 is surplus value that the owner keeps.

1. To start off, I personally think ideology is basically a set of beliefs and values that can shape how people think society should work and what role the government should play, but it also can help people decide what policies they support in order to understand political issues , for example someone who values freedom may support limited government while those who value equality may support more government involvement to help others.

2. I think the main difference between conservatives and liberals is how they individually view the government. For example, the conservatives believe liberty is the most important political value while the liberals believe the government should be the kne to play a big and active role in society basically how they emphasize equality and support government actions more Such as like regulations and social programs in order to soft, social and economic problems.

3. From what I was able to understand Althusser argues that he thinks audiology shapes how people see the world without them, always realizing it, and that could usually be passed on through intuitions like schools, family, and media for example, examples schools usually teach not only academics boss behaviors like following rules and the importance of respecting authority and that I think is what helps society values.