1. The connection between “whiteness” and racism is that people think that race means black people and non race is white people. Even though this is true i don’t think it will end racial capitalism completely.
2. The prison system creates new “criminals” by using those who are eligible to be criminalized to keep coming to the prison and make their sentence longer and their crimes have to get bigger and keep them in their communities.
3. I understand that “liberal struggle” is the needs and the struggles of people that are based off of where they live. Even though they were promised a better home they felt more at home in their homes within their community and try to organize ways to maintain there houses.

In the Wal-Mart case the supreme court decided that because the 1.5 million females were not all denied the same promotion, the same pay raise, or insulted, belittled, or obstructed by the same manager their cases cant be litigated. They justified their decision by arguing that Dukes failed to meet rule 23 which is the question of law or fact common to the class. The class must share a common problem.

1. The court system is better suited to protect the individuals than the elected branches because the state courts themselves enhance an individuals potential to be heard. They provide different alternatives for political access. As well as promote interest and give access to particular groups.
2. No, i don’t think that the supreme court is an anti democratic part of our government because there not influenced by public opinion and operate under the jurisdiction. They choose judges in federal courts this way because different circuits can hold different legal and cultural views.

1. I understand that the establishment clause is similar to the first amendment when it comes to religious freedom. The establishment clause helps to protect one’s own religious belief from the government. i understand that the lemon test was used to make sure that the religious practices were legal and allowed to continue. It makes sure that the religion serves its purpose.
2. Yes the burning flag is protected by the first amendment. Its protected by the first amendment due to the fact that it was a form of freedom of speech with a symbolic meaning and it was allowed by the Supreme court in Texas v Johnson .
3. When someone says “i’m taking the fifth” it means that they don’t have to give evidence in court or to law enforcement if they don’t want to be responsible for a crime.

1. Whats new about the war on terror is that it was a war against terrorist. Which made it a war against anybody that we felt threatened by. Its different from traditional wars because it involved other countries and they would fight over land and resources.
2. The “Roving Wiretaps” of the patriot act seems to violate the bill of rights because it uses devices to snoop out criminals and terrorist without them knowing regardless if they are a suspect or not. This violates the fourth amendment by invading their privacy through mobile phones without them knowing or giving consent.
3. The “Sneak and Peek” warrants gave the government the right to search someone’s home or business without notifying the target of the investigation.

1. The primary difference in the role of citizens in the federal government is that they have authority when it comes to the central and state government. They help elect the president and congress, which plays a part in handling national matters. The urinary system makes decision within the central government without citizens as well as the confederation makes decisions with the state government also without the citizens.

2. I understand that the division of power is something that separates the authority between governments which make them co depend on each other in a way. In order to make a decision they need each other to help make and finalize the laws. Its not one group that makes the decisions.

3. The federal government helped shaped the actions of state and local governments during covid 19 in Ny state by providing us with 335 billion in funds to different agencies in response to the pandemic, they helped protect health workers, essential health services, gave out free testers and provided treatments. They also helped finance a broad range of services including education, social services, public safety and infrastructure.

1. The social class that wrote the constitution were the delegate class. While the ones that weren’t allowed to participate were the working class which consisted of Native Americans, white males without property, indentured servants, and all females of different race. For example, According to reading 6.2, “Those who possessed the ballot and economic power were compelled to safeguard their rights.” Only the people that has wealth were able to protect the rights and had the voice to exercise them. On the other hand, “The slaves, servants, men who had no property and woman were disenfranchised and subjected to the discriminations or the common law,” this shows that people who were working class didn’t have a say when it came to common laws and they weren’t given the right to change them, they had to accept it for what it was.

2. The social structure of the early U.S. society isn’t the same as ours today because many people weren’t able to vote because of the social class there were in. As of right now in the 21st century anybody thats a US citizen can vote. In the 1700s there were a a lot of people who couldn’t vote because of their income.

3. The people who wrote the constitution were afraid of the democracy because they were worried that it would effect there system of governance.

1 Conservatives and liberals

2 According to federalist #10 the source of wealth is property. Some factors that explain why some people posses wealth while others remain poor is that the diversity of men of who get the right of property is an obstacle to a uniformity of interest. In other words, depending on what kind of man acquires the property it can result in a division of society.

3. No, i don’t agree with this explanation of wealth and poverty because it sounds to me that if your wealthy the government works in your favor more than the rest of society, which to them would be the ones that are poor.

4 The core mission of “first object” is to protect different and unequal faculties of acquiring properties. This doesn’t really surprise me because its not entirely different from our society today. In our society there are people that can own and keep their property regardless of talent or if there poor. Even if you were born into wealth and your future decisions make you become poor, the government isn’t going to try to prevent you from being poor.

5 No i’m not surprised that federalist #10 is not in favor of democracy because the democracy works in the favor of everyone regardless of if your rich or poor. The author would dislike a (pure) democratic because it was seen as a small number of citizens that cant prevent the mischiefs of faction .The republicans wants to cure the problems that they have. They want to work in the countries best interest.

1. The way i understand the means of production and labour is that labor makes the productions and gives it its value. The time it takes to build an iphone including the materials that are used to make it, under normal circumstances gives the phone its expensive value. Production is nothing without labour. If you don’t put time into making something your not producing any products therefore there is no value being put into anything that your doing.

2. What makes something valuable is the time it takes to make it.

3. Labor and value are related because of the labor theory of value. The amount of labour used to make a product makes its value. The connection between the two is that they go hand in hand. The more labor it takes to make the product the more its value increases. The less time it takes to make it, the lesser its value.

4. Labor is what increases the value of what you have. Labor power is when you get paid less then what your labour is actually worth.

5. Surplus value is when you make profit off of a product that is privately owned and made by laborers and the company keeps the profit. The surplus value goes to the company not the workers. I think this is important to know about in the study of social classes because it will show how different social classes go through different experiences when it comes to labor and values. One can argue that different social classes can have different ranges of labor power and also products being made in un normal circumstances due to social class. An example would be products that are made in china. A lot of our products are made in china in factories and many different companies profit off of them that we don’t even know about and its only what we see we can interpret. How can we be so sure that the labor being put in to make all these products are actually being paid fairly amongst the workers?