1.How I understand the protections of labor is things are produced to labor and capitalist make profit off the labor of others production is the effort put into producing the products

Labor is a source of value of the band of this apply makes a valuable in the cost of production. A product value is measured by how much labor it takes to produce under normal circumstances. The difference between labor and power is labor is the physical effort and power is the capacity.

surplus value is the value on top of the value it took to get you there when you make something it goes to your boss, and they make profit increasing their value