1. In a federal system, citizens vote for their representatives. In a confederation system, citizens have a lot of power because the system relies mostly on local governments. In a unitary system, citizens let the central government handle everything. In a federation, the federal government has the most power, and the states or provinces follow its lead. In a confederation, the central government is usually weak, and the states or provinces have more say. In a unitary system, only the central government is in charge.
2. The system of division of power can be understood as a way to separate and organize the functions of government to make it more efficient and balanced. In the US government, there are three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch creates laws, the executive branch enforces them, and the judicial branch interprets them. Additionally, power is divided between the national and subnational levels. The national level handles issues that affect the entire country, while the subnational level deals with matters specific to individual states. This division of power ensures that no single branch or level of government becomes too powerful. 
3. The federal government direct and instruct the actions of state and local governments. The federal government has influenced the actions of NY state and local governments, through the distribution of grants, incentives, and aid during the COVID-19 pandemic.

1. The various types of government include federal, confederation, and unitary systems. In a federal system, citizens can vote and participate in the government. In a confederation system, citizens have more power, whereas in a unitary system, citizens do not have a voice, and power is concentrated in the central government. In federal and confederation systems, citizens participate directly, whereas the unitary system does not allow citizen participation. Under a unitary government, power is centralized in the national government, while in a confederation government, power is concentrated in individual states. In a federal government, power is shared between the state and national governments, and citizens vote for representation. 

2. The US government is composed of three branches, namely, legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch is responsible for creating laws, while the executive branch enforces them, and the judicial branch interprets them. Moreover, the government is divided into national and subnational levels, where the national level takes care of issues that affect the whole country, and the subnational level handles matters specific to individual states. 

3. The federal government has an important role to play in shaping the actions of state and local governments. They fund affordable health insurance and influence laws. During the ongoing pandemic, the federal government has provided funds for research, testing, treatment, vaccines, and stimulus checks to stimulate the economy. They also offer financial and military assistance when necessary, such as distributing the vaccine and employing military services during the COVID-19 pandemic. 

There are three main types of government systems: Federal, Confederation, and Unitary. In a Federal system, citizens interact with both national and state governments and elect representatives at both levels. In a Confederation system, citizens primarily interact with individual states or provinces, with a weaker central government. In a Unitary system, citizens interact solely with the central government, which holds primary authority over governance.

The division of power allocates authority between the central and subnational governments, which is outlined in a constitution or legal framework.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the federal government influenced state and local governments in New York through policy directives, funding, and coordination efforts. This included financial assistance, public health guidelines, and support from agencies like the CDC and FEMA to manage the crisis effectively.

1:In a federal system, citizens have direct representation at both federal and state levels, with powers divided between them. In a confederation, citizens primarily interact with their state or regional government, with limited central authority. In a unitary system, citizens interact solely with a central government, which delegates authority to local administrations.

2:The division of power refers to the allocation of governmental authority between different levels of government, such as federal, state, and local. This ensures a balance of power and prevents any one level from becoming too dominant.

3:During the COVID-19 pandemic, the federal government has influenced the actions of the NY state and local governments through directives, funding allocations, and guidelines. For example, federal agencies like the CDC provided guidance on public health measures, while funding initiatives such as the CARES Act allocated resources to states like New York for pandemic response efforts.
Additionally, executive orders ano mandates from the federal level influenced the implementation of policies at the state and local levels, shaping their responses to the pandemic.

1) The federal, confederation and unitary systems represent distinct forms of governance. In a federal system, citizens possess the right to vote and actively participate in government affairs. In contrast, in a confederation, citizens wield more authority, while in a unitary system, the central government holds significant power, often overshadowing citizen input.

2) The structure of the US government operates on a federal level, featuring three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The legislative branch crafts laws, the executive branch enforces them, and the judicial branch interprets them. Moreover, the government functions across national and subnational tiers. At the national level, the federal government addresses issues of national significance, including defense and economic policies. At the sub-national level, individual state governments manage localized matters such as education, public services, and healthcare.

3) The federal government influences the actions of state and local governments through various means, including financial assistance and policy initiatives. For instance, amidst the pandemic, the federal government increased funding for scientific research, testing, treatment, and vaccine distribution. This financial support enables state and local authorities to implement effective public health measures and provide affordable healthcare services to their residents.

1. In the federal, confederation, and unitary systems there is primary differences in the role of citizens in government regarding their degree of power and abilities to participate. Firstly, the federal system is what gives the ability to votes for representatives to the citizens. In this first case citizens have a main place in the government. In another place confederation where power is concentrated in individual states still gives citizens an important place. But it is quite the opposite in the unitary system, where citizens don’t have their place and the power is completely concentrated on the government.
2. system of division of power can be understood as a separation in the system to simplify their work and make it more efficient and maintain a balance between legislative, executive, and judicial power. The legislative branch makes the laws with the senators representatives.
3. The federal government being the central authority shape the functions and actions of state and local governments by directing them. Since federal government as the highest powers is rules always have an impact on the state and local governments. Their influence is due to the distribution of grants, incentives, and aids. For example during COVID-19 pandemic federal government has influenced the actions of NY state and local governments in terms of economy sending stimulus checks to the citizens it also enhance testing; increase in funds for science research to provide treatments.

1. The roles of citizens vary amongst unitary, confederation, and federal governments. Under a unitary government, such as in Japan, France, Sweden, and the UK, power is concentrated in the national government and states are dependent on that. Citizens have less say in government representation. In a confederation government it is the opposite where power is concentrated in individual states and national government can only act with the consent of the state. In a federal government, like in the US, Canada, and India, power is split between state and national government and citizens vote for representation.
2. The US government is divided on a federal level between three branches: the executive, judicial, and legislative. the legislative branch is responsible for making laws, the executive enforces the laws, and the judicial interprets the laws. Beyond that the government is also split between national and subnational. The national level refers to the federal government that is responsible for handling matters that affect the nation as a whole such as national security and economic prosperity. The subnational level refers to individual state governments and handles matters in specific regions that pertain to things like education, public services, and health care.
3. The federal government can provide financial and military assistance to a state when necessary. During the Covid-19 pandemic, local governments were given federal resources that helped to distribute the vaccine. Military services were employed in some areas as well.

1. The primary difference in the roles of citizens in government, among the federal, the confederation, and unitary systems is that all have different ways of letting citizens participate in the government. The Confederation and federal systems let citizens directly participate with the government, that is more than the unitary system. Federal systems let citizens vote for representatives while confederation systems let citizens be more involved with state governments. Last but not least, unitary systems do not let citizens participate, leaving everything up to the government itself.
2. I understand the system of division of power as a system that checks each other out. To me these systems work together and against each other to maintain the balance of the government. 
   3. The federal government shapes the actions of state and local governments because the local and state governments can only do as much as they are permitted. State and local governments always end up getting affected by the laws passed by the government because it is all up to what is agreed by the three branches. The federal government influenced the action of state and local governments during the COVID-19 pandemic because when stimulus checks were sent out to citizens it came from the federal government. It was used to stimulate the economy around the country.

1. The federal ,confederation ,and ,unitary system are different. The federal system is that citizens are able to vote and engage in the government.In the confederation citizens have more power and the unitary system citizens don’t have a voice and the power is focused on the central government.
2. I understand the system division of power because there is 3 branches the legislative , executive , and judicial . Each one plays a specific role and support one another . The legislative branch makes the laws which consists of 100 senators and 435 representatives. Executive branch there is a president and vice president and they are responsible for enforcing laws. Judicial system has 9 members who declare punishment and elucidate the laws.
3. The federal government shape the actions so state and local governments by providing funds as affordable health insurance. For example, during the pandemic there were a increase in funds for science research , testing treatment and vaccines.

1. Describe the primary differences in the role of citizens in government, among the federal, confederation, and unitary systems.
2. Briefly explain how you understand the system of division of power.
3. How does the federal government shape the actions of state and local governments? Write your answer based on doing a bit of research on how the federal government has influenced the actions of NY state and local governments, during the COVID-19 pandemic.