Describe the primary differences in the role of citizens in government, among the federal, confederation, and unitary systems.

In a federal system citizens participate in the government on a national, state, and local electing level as representatives, influencing policies at each level. In a confederation citizens engage with their state or regional governments. In a unitary system, citizens mainly interact with a strong central government, which holds most of the power, while regional authorities operate under national control.

Briefly explain how you understand the system of division of power.

The division of power refers to the separation of governmental responsibilities among different levels or branches to prevent any one entity from becoming too powerful. In a federal system, power is shared between the national and state governments, each with its own authority. In a separation of powers, government functions are divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to ensure checks and balances. This system promotes accountability and prevents the abuse of power by distributing responsibilities across multiple entities.

How does the federal government shape the actions of state and local governments? Write your answer based on doing a bit of research on how the federal government has influenced the actions of NY state and local governments, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic the federal government influenced New York’s state and local actions through funding, policy guidance, and coordination efforts. The federal government distributed substantial financial resources to state and local governments, including New York, to support pandemic expenses. For example, the American Rescue Plan provided direct fiscal relief through the State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds program