1) To produce anything in a capitalist society you need both the means of production and labor. The means of production are the resources (which are usually privately owned) that a product is made from. In order to produce something, you need other people’s labor (time) to get your finished product. For instance, a privately owned factory that makes laptops needs machinery and certain materials like aluminum, copper, plastics, and minerals. These materials are bought as a business expense and are the capitalist’s means of production. To make something of these materials, the capitalist has to hire laborers that build the final product or manage machinery. The only factor that separates the value of materials from the value of the laptop being sold is the amount of labor put in by the factory workers. This does not mean that the laptop’s market value is equivalent to its true value. 

2) The labor theory of value is that the real value of a product is how much labor was required to produce it under normal conditions. Labor is what creates value, the time put in by laborers to make something. Something is more valuable when it takes more time to produce, while the means of production transfer value, labor creates it. 
3) The direct relationship between the two is that value is created through labor, more specifically human labor. In a capitalist society, value comes from labor but is changed through market dynamics, putting profit over human needs. 

4) Labor is a worker’s production of goods and services. Labor power is the worker’s ability to work, meaning their wages are reflective of what is needed to maintain their basic needs and level of skills, not the value their labor created. The capitalists own the workers’ labor power, and find the most effective way to manipulate it through working conditions and intensity so that their profits grow. 
5) Surplus value is the profits workers create through their labor for capitalists. A worker’s wage is usually determined by the capitalist as the bare minimum pay that will cover their basic needs and ability to keep working in order to keep the working class in the working class. The value of the labor created by the worker is more than their wages, but the difference is instead pocketed by the capitalist as “profit.” This is important in the study of social classes because we can see how it is that people stay in the working class vs. the capitalist class. An example of surplus value is when a worker produces a product their labor is worth $20 per item, the capitalist pays the worker $5 per item produced, and the $15 difference is taken by the capitalist as profit.