1. At the federal level, citizens’ primary role in government is voting for representatives.Due to the fact that local governments make up the majority of the confederation system, citizens will hold the most power.Citizens in the unitary system (mostly) do not participate in any way and leave everything to their central government

2. The term “separation of powers” refers to the division of government of the government into distinct branches in order to prevent any one branch from carrying out the primary functions of another.The goal is to ensure checks and balances and prevent power concentration.The legislative branch is tasked with enacting state laws and appropriating the funds required to run the government, according to traditional descriptions of their powers in the United States.The implementation and administration of public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch fall under the purview of the executive branch.The judicial branch is in charge of applying its interpretations of the constitution and laws to controversies brought before it.

3. Through grants and loans, the federal government influences the actions of state and local governments.State and local authorities shut down schools, rescheduled elections, restricted public gatherings, and closed non-essential businesses during the pandemic.Stay-at-home orders began to be issued by jurisdictions one at a time, requiring Americans to remain with their families and only leave for reasons that appeared “essential.”In order to protect people’s health, it was also required to wear a mask and isolate themselves from others.

1. Based on readings 6.1 and 6.2 the Constitution was written by wealthy white people. Which were the upper class-men, they were the only ones who were able to vote. People who was in lower class such as native Americans, weren’t allowed to vote. According to reading 6.1 it states, “In twelve of the thirteen states (Pennsylvania excepted), only property- owning White males could vote, probably not more than 10 percent of the total adult population. Excluded were all Native Americans (“Indians”), per- sons of African descent, women, indentured servants, and White males lacking sufficient property. Property qualifications for holding office were so steep as to exclude even most of the White males who could vote.”
2. Social class in the United States is different from what it was before. Now it doesn’t really matter which h class you fall into you are still able to vote, whether you are white or black, rich or poor, male or female. Only thing is that you have to be 18 years old to vote and that’s understandable. 
3. The people who wrote the constitution was so afraid of democracy because they were afraid of the common man’s opinions becoming law directly. Instead they used an indirect democracy or a republic so elected officials could represent the options of the common man. 

1. I noticed that in both 4.1 and 4.2 readings social class is being focused on income and location, and how New York has a problem with income inequality. Where ever an individual might live or decide to go classifies social class. Especially depending where the individual lives for instance Manhattan, the income there is the highest out of all boroughs. In reading 4.2 it shows how the 4 line the highest income is Brooklyn bridge city hall and grand central 42st. the difference between both readings is that 4.1 goes into detail about social class and talks about social class with education. In 4.2 it’s more of a graph that shows you the income of each location in each train line.
2. Using concepts from reading 4.1 the social class in my neighborhood is “working class” im not sure wether I should be surprised or if I should’ve been known. Fordham is known for houses the borough’s largest and most diverse shopping district.
3. in 4.2 reading I noticed Manhattan has the highest income rate no matter what line you live by it’s still the highest in the charts.

1. What is the distinction that Reading 4.3 makes between owners and employees? Give an example of each.
   1. The distinction that reading 4.3 makes is that employees focus more on wages, salaries and fees while owners focus more on investments, property, and management. The differentiation among proprietors and workers is obscured fairly by the scope of earnings inside the two classes. owners allude to both the astonishingly affluent investors of giant companies and the struggling owners of little stores. Yet, the last option scarcely qualify as a component of the corporate claiming class. Along with plant and administration laborers, the representative class additionally remembers experts and chiefs who for money, training, and way of life will generally be recognized as “middle” or “upper-middle” class. Organization chiefs and leaders are representatives whose errand is to remove additional worth creating performance from different workers. Some top business leaders, corporate regulation yers, and amusement and sports figures appreciate such tremendous wages as to be capable in the long run to live off their speculations, essentially becoming individuals from the claiming class.
2. How do you understand the quote by Adam Smith on pg. 28? What is it saying about labor?
   1. The quote by Adam Smith on pg.28, is saying that labor is the value of service and any product that you are paying for. Labor is the real value of and more labor the more value comes. For instance the more you work the more you get paid. Its like saying the harder you work the greatest it is.
3. What are your thoughts on the main argument of Reading 4.4 that class is NOT an identity?
   1. In reading 4.4, my thoughts were that I believe class is an identity. In some cases people base themselves off their class. How a person or group of persons think of themselves in relation to others in society based on their economic and social position. Even though class is not something you can identify your self as but it is something people do. For example, there are people who is upper class and bully or make fun of people is in the lower class because to them lower class is poor and not capable of making the amount of money they make.

1. Keeping in mind the material covered in this lesson, describe how you understand ideology in YOUR OWN WORDS. 
   • A political ideology is what an individual, interest party, or social class’ assessment of government. For a political specialist, it is essential to know one’s political ideology since it can mirror one’s contemplations on the political hypothesis and strategy. A philosophy can likewise be characterized as a bunch of thoughts that are presented by the decision class of society to the wide range of various individuals from the general population. In this manner each political movement or thought typifies a philosophy. For Instance, Liberalism is one of the major political ideologies of the world. It centers around independence, confidence, moral obligation, balance under the watchful eye of the law and restricted government. You ought to comprehend that radicalism envelops both American-style progressivism and American-style traditionalism. ideological marks like liberal, moderate, freedom supporter, and communitarian each have an alternate grouping as far as political convictions in what the public authority ought to in a perfect world give off an impression of being. Although these classes can depict one’s political conviction reliant upon the activity of the public authority, it is interesting to run over somebody that is persuaded by the idea of only one classification. People frequently reach find that they wind up having faith in isolated subjects coming from various groupings. This might possibly prompt numerous social and established conflicts when it comes time to help a specific ideological group. Many variables that can bring about this occasion incorporates the kind of schooling system one was raised with, the locale being brought into the world in, one’s religion, identity and race, orientation, and even income.
2. How do you understand the difference between conservative and liberal ideology in US politics? What seem to be the big differences, the dividing line?
   • The ideals and the composition of liberals and conservatives are fundamentally unique now and again, but these equivalent convictions cooperate to make up the essential system of American political idea. The two of them have similar objectives for success but they have total inverse approaches to accomplishing them. Philosophically, they are in conflict with the size of government and the job that it plays. Some need enormous government that accommodates individuals, while others choose for a little government that doesn’t impede the existences of individuals. As is supposed dissidents will more often than not vote in favor of specific issues that traditionalists will contradict as well as the other way around. Subsequently, the power taken from the concentrated government will be reallocated to the states and nearby regions. While Preservationists truly do believe that administration should be more modest they actually believe that administration should be available, in any event, utilizing the power that it needs to additional their own objectives. A few Moderates need to utilize Government ability to hinder state activities they dislike, which proposes that they need bureaucratic power as well as state ability to be diminished in scope. The contrasting conclusions on what government’s power is seen to be, is only one of various contentions that different the two perspectives from each other. With the bunch of philosophical contrasts that happen between the different sides, it is normal for individuals who have a place with each way of thinking to decide in favor of, and against, specific measures. Nonconformists, for instance, are bound to decide in favor of issues that award more opportunity to people in their own lives. They are likewise bound to distribute government cash for help administrations for the poor.
3. How do you understand Althusser’s definition of ideology? Paraphrase it in your own words. Given an example.
   • Althusser contends that ideology has a fabric existence because “an ideology consistently exists in an apparatus, and its practice, or practices” . Ideology consistently manifests itself over actions, which are “inserted into practices”, for example, rituals, customary behavior, and so on.