1.) P. Williams essay revolves around an issue that has plagued the U.S.; terrorism. They begin by talking about the notorious September 11th terrorist attack, which was the bombing of the World Trade Center and Pentagon. While other attacks followed, it became evident that the country was dealing with a matter that posed as a threat to it and the citizens. The new type of war that Williams suggests is the way their way of dealing with terrorism. They became more fearful and with that, it made the U.S. start to move in a manner that exploited the Amendment’s that were made to protect individual’s basic rights. For example, according to paragraph 9 of the text, Williams states, “This brings me to the second aspect of our Constitutional crisis – that is, the encroachment of our historical freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. The establishment of the new Office of Homeland Security and the passage of the so-called USA Patriot Act has brought into being an unprecedented merger between the functions of intelligence agencies and law enforcement. What this means might be clearer if we used the more straightforward term for intelligence – that is, spying. Law enforcement agents can now spy on us, “destabilizing” citizens not just non-citizens.” This quote from the text shares how the government has chosen to breach citizens Amendment rights and justify it by declaring it is for their protection against terrorism. So, while the fight against terrorism is a war within itself-battling the violation of Amendments are another. Terrorism sparked a fear that made the U.S. want to have better security, a method that they felt was reasonable but exploited citizens right to having privacy.

2.) The “Roving Wiretaps” of the Patriot Act violates appears to have violated the Bill of Rights in a number of ways, the Patriot Act gives the government the ability to strengthen federal anti-terrorism investigations. Removing Wiretaps was one of the many methods that was used, it aimed to stop terrorist that were technologically sophisticated by having access to an individual’s cell phone. Then, they would be able to see the calls and messages of the terrorist phone and anyone else who may have been associated with this individual. This would then violate one’s privacy if they had any connection with the accused suspect. This violates the Bill of Rights because it breaks certain Amendments that protect basic human rights. The Amendment that it would violate is the Fourth because it states that the government cannot conduct a search without obtaining a warrant and showing probable cause in order to validate that the person did do the crime or had intention of doing so. They were tapping into people’s phone without consent, if they had a hunch that you were dealing with the suspected criminal-your phone would get exposed. I would also say that it violates the First Amendment, which is freedom of speech because people had a right to discuss what they wanted amongst each other yet they were being listened in on and sometimes, they’d share information amongst one another regarding the government’s vulgar behavior which would be used against them.

3.) “Sneak and Peek” Warrants is another method used within the Patriot Act that violated the Fourth Amendment. This is where a search warrant that is authorized by law enforcement, makes physical entry into private premises without the owner’s or residing occupants permission and knowledge. The Fourth Amendment prevents a law official the authority to walk in without a warrant or having proof of probable cause for accused crime.