1. What labor is the amount of time working. Example, someone working making clothes at a clothing company. Means of production would be everything that a person would need to make labor happen successfully. Example the sewing machines at the company in order to make the clothes.
2. what makes something valuable is the amount of labor put into something. The more labor the more valuable it is.
3. Labor and value are collected because without labor there would be no value. An individual will have to put in labor to make anything more valuable.
4. The difference between labor and labor power is copper labor is working and labor power is the ability to work, what a person needs to function for the day to work.
5. surplus value is the hours on top of hours worked to supply labor power. These extra profits go to the higher up ” The boss” . It is important to know about this because working for the boss and how a lot of extra hours go to the boss the individual is working less than what labor is worth. Capitalist production is sustained by exploiting the working class and this is important to know.

1. Owning Class would be the ones living off mostly investments , stocks , bonds , property income etc . Employees live off wages , salaries , fees etc . For example An owner would be considered Magic Johnson which he owns a movie theater , and the employees would be the people that work for him in his Theater.
2. Adam Smith, one of the founding theorists of capitalism, noted in 1776 that “labor … is alone the ultimate and real standard by which the value of all commodities can at all times and places be estimated and compared
3. My thoughts on the reading are , liberals would say class is an identity , and how class is more about interests and actions I dont agree . I do believe that class isn’t an identity. race and gender is how you can I identify someone for example a line up at a police station , for you to identify someone would have to be how the look , gender , race not according to your income and how much stock and bonds the person has to identify .
4. Close form dependency to my understanding would be how a “worker ” have to be dependent on the employers for jobs to live on wages .

Evelyn Romero Ideology

1.To my understanding ideology is how a person thinks. An individual’s beliefs and principles. An example is how an individual would live their everyday life and view things how it ought to be in society and act on it. If an individual were to break the law , not following what’s normal in society then that is when there would be punishment. Repressive apparatus would then step in and enforce.

2. The difference between conservative and liberal are that conservatives believe that with the government it is a problem and not a solution ,they do not agree on government handouts ,they also believe there should be more harsher police methods . Conservatives are more religious one might add because of just more biblical beliefs in wanting prayers in schools , God into public life. Liberals are the opposite . liberals believe the government is the solution , and supporting on wanting more assistance with the needy ,like food stamps etc . Liberals also believe that abortions should be made between the woman and doctor .

3. Althusser stated ideology is discipline. A way to keep people in line. Fear is one way to keep order using police , courts and prisons and another would possibly be religion . Not wanting to not follow order because of what you believe that the lord will punish you.

1. Repressive state apparatus is when government uses the threat of violence to control. An Example would be police , courts and prisons to enforce when an individual is not trying to abide by the law in society. Repressive state apparatus is used to keep order , put people in line as Althusser stated.
2. Ideological state apparatus is the complete opposite . It will not use violence but rather use another form of control . For example like Religion. When people believe in the lord they would be controlled in not wanting to disobey the lord therefore leading them to do the right things in society .
3. Repressive state apparatus and ideological state apparatus are different from each because repressive would use the fear in violence. physically in using police to enforce and courts , prisons and ideological does not use physical violence.
4. This is an example of Repressive state apparatus https://youtu.be/vOKhqabg-Ys?si=AoO63lKt3eQTe54R