In the case of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes (2011), the Supreme Court ruled against a group of women who wanted to file a class-action lawsuit against Wal-Mart. The women claimed that Wal-Mart had discriminated against them in pay and promotions. However, the Court found that they could not proceed as a class because they did not meet the legal standard of “commonality.” he Supreme Court decided that the women did not show enough commonality to be treated as a single group in the lawsuit. Commonality means that the members of a group must have the same legal or factual issue that can be resolved in one court case. The Court said the women did not show that all of them were affected by the same discriminatory policy. The Court explained that the women’s claims were based on the decisions of many different managers at Wal-Mart stores across the country. These decisions were made individually by each manager, not because of a single company-wide policy. Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the majority, said that without proof of a common policy that affected all women in the same way, the group could not meet the requirement for commonality.