1. The Establishment Clause within the First Amendment forbids the federal government from favoring or backing any specific religion, thereby maintaining a clear distinction between religious institutions and the government. The Lemon Test, developed through the Supreme Court case Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), is used to assess whether a law breaches the Establishment Clause. According to this test, a law must serve a secular legislative purpose, not primarily promote or hinder religion, and not excessively involve the government in religious matters.

2. The act of burning the flag is safeguarded by the First Amendment as a type of symbolic expression. This principle was solidified in the Supreme Court case Texas v. Johnson (1989), where the Court declared that flag burning is considered symbolic expression that is entitled to protection under the First Amendment.

3. When an individual declares, “I’m taking the Fifth,” they are exercising their Fifth Amendment right to avoid self-incrimination. This entails that they decline to answer questions or disclose information that might lead to their own prosecution in a legal case.