1. a) Ideology is a set of beliefs, values, and ideas that shape how people understand and view the world. It helps people make sense of society, politics, and economics and often guides their decisions and behavior. Ideologies can influence how individuals and groups think about things like power, justice, and freedom.

b) Capitalism is a way of thinking about the economy that values open markets, private businesses, and competition. It believes people should have the freedom to start businesses and earn money with little control from the government. Supporters of capitalism think this system gives everyone more chances to succeed.

c) Ideology can influence what people believe is right or wrong, or good or bad. Different ideologies offer different ways to see problems and solutions. For example, someone with a socialist ideology might believe that wealth should be shared more equally among people, while a person with a conservative ideology might believe that people should be free to earn as much as they want without government control. Ideologies can shape how we see leadership and how we think about fairness and equality.

2. In U.S. politics, conservative beliefs focus on keeping traditions, having a smaller government, and encouraging personal responsibility. Conservatives often think the government should stay out of business and the economy, letting companies run with fewer rules. They value personal freedom, the right to own property, and strong national security. Important ideas for conservatives include “free markets,” “relying on yourself,” and “keeping traditional values.”

Liberal ideology supports more government involvement to fix social problems and make sure everyone has access to things like healthcare, education, and housing. Liberals think the government should take action to protect people’s rights, help reduce poverty, and control businesses to stop unfair practices. Important ideas for liberals are “fairness,” “equality,” and “government helping people.”

Example of difference: A clear example of the difference is in healthcare. Conservatives usually want a private system where people can choose to buy health insurance from private companies. Liberals, on the other hand, support universal healthcare, where the government makes sure everyone can get healthcare, no matter how much money they have.

Dividing line: The main difference between conservatives and liberals is how they view the role of the government. Conservatives want the government to stay out of things, especially when it comes to business and the economy. Liberals, on the other hand, think the government should be more involved to make sure things are fair and equal for everyone.

3. Louis Althusser saw ideology as a bunch of ideas and beliefs in every society that influence how people see their world without them noticing. He thought ideology works quietly, making people think their roles in society are normal and unavoidable, usually benefiting those who are in charge.

Althusser’s idea is that ideology isn’t just about what people believe consciously. It’s also about how society is set up to make certain ideas seem like common sense and keep them in control.