The formula M–C–M′ explains how capitalists grow wealth by starting with money (M), buying commodities (C) like labor power and raw materials, and ending with more money (M). The difference between M and M′ is surplus value, created when workers produce more value than the wages they receive. Jalée shows that this system works because capitalists pay for “necessary labor time” but benefit from the extra hours of surplus labor, which they don’t pay for. In simple terms, money becomes capital when it is used not to meet needs but to generate profit, and this cycle repeats, ensuring that wealth keeps accumulating for the capitalist class.