1. The connection between whiteness and racism is that racism is perpetuated by the white. This is because it is ingrained in all capitalist society that white people will govern over and use the power to the workers to their advantage. In all capitalist systems, white people have controlled other races below them that to create a system that serves them.
2. According to Professor Gilmore, the system creates “the category of ‘criminal person'” because the system is created by those that are in control and they decide to make the system disproportionately affect certain races.
3. The “liberation struggle” is different for every nation, and area. There are different types of struggles that affects each area of the world that people of that area are always working towards breaking free from.

1. The Supreme Court ruled that they could not certify the class action lawsuit against Walmart which was in large part due to the lack of commonality within the case. Commonality is the core fundamental detail that was missing in a class action suit. They believed that there was no certain provision or policy that was put into place by Walmart that directly connected to every claim . Because it was a class action lawsuit, the claim of discrimination had to directly impact every women in Walmart, and additionally, that the solution must be the same for each individual problem. Because that wasn’t the case, there was no commonality that existed in the case, leading to the lawsuit falling through.

1. The court system is better suited to protect individual rights than congress or other forms of elected government because its objective is to serve and protect the people based on interpretation of the constitution rather than being influenced by public opinion like most elected officials who are driven to satisfy the public who elected them. An example of this would be an issue with the 1st amendment where somewhere comes under public fire and are trialed for the words they said. The court would simply look at the case from a purely constitutional lenses and come to a decision that aligns with the constitution despite the parties involved.
2. I would agree that the Supreme Court is a sort of anti-democratic part of our government because of the amount of governance that each judge possess and for an unfair amount of time. The fact that the judges are appointed rather than elected, leads to the judges serving more for the capitalist rather than to the workers. Additionally, it makes it difficult to become a judge because instead of instilling yourself with the people, to have a chance at being appointed, you have to be in good favor with the president when he appoints judges. The fact that they serve indefinite terms that only end when a judge leaves, it also leads to judges overstaying their welcome on the court, and them losing touch with the law. Ultimately, the appointee system is very unusual because it stands out from our democratic government and should be replaced.

1. From what I read, the establishment clause is a type of law put into place which gives a citizen religious freedom. In order to do so, the establishment clause makes it unconstitutional (illegal) for a state to have a preferred treatment of a religion. What this means is that the state can not officially impose rules that would force citizens to conform to a religion because doing so would strip away the freedom of choice that a person has with their religion. The Lemon test can be seen as an extension of this clause because it is a checklist of restrictions that a law must follow to be deemed constitutional. The lemon test aims to remove incentives attached to religion that would make it favorable to be apart of a certain religion, and disadvantageous for others. They do this through the 3 rules of not entangling government with religion, neither promoting or stopping religious practice, and by requiring a non-religious justification for the law.
2. Burning the US flag is protected by the constitution as it is considered a form of speech through its message. Because the message of burning the flag does not cross the boundaries of obscenity, the symbolic action of burning a flag can only be viewed as a message from the person burning the flag. In the case of Texas v. Johnson, they found the burning of the flag to be a form of symbolic speech and therefore a protected right under the 1st amendment.
3. When a person claims, “I’m taking the fifth” it is a display of them using their fifth amendment rights which gives them to ability to withhold answering and fiving evidence of themselves to the court. This allows the person to keep their information to themselves and protect against self-discrimination.

1. What makes the war on terror a new type of war is because it is a war that is fought internally against ourselves that cross the limits that we had once always protected. Old wars were always against an opposing threat outside the nation, however, after 9/11, the threat of a internal terrorist assaults’ cause the nation to change its prospective on our liberties. It made them change their idea that liberties are always protected, and allows them to violate them if they deem it a necessary action to ensure safety. Because this is a general term, its now makes it easier for the nation to unrightfully violate a persons rights and claim that its for a better cause. This new war we have internally is dangerous because it can cause a loss of trust between those who are be violated and our government.
2. Rovering wiretap is such a violation of the bill of rights because it destroys both the freedom of speech in the 1st amendment, as well as the freedom to not self-incriminate of the 5th amendment. Its a direct violation of these rights because these wiretaps are placed without the consent or awareness of the defendant can lead to them having their words used against them in a way they didn’t intend on. When people speak with their lawyers they could be giving out information that will incriminate them however were under the idea that they were have a private discussion, and didn’t want those details to be public.
3. Sneak and Peek warrants also violate the 4th amendment which is to be protected under reasonable search. The sneak and peek warrants allow the FBI to delay their warrant while obtaining legal entry into the house of a suspect. This directly goes against the amendment because it unconstitutionally goes against the privacy of a person’s home and the rights they have to their private property. The sneak peek gives the FBI that chance to surprise search the house if they consider it reasonable.

1. The primary difference in the role of citizens in a government changes between federal, confederation, and the unitary system. Under the federal system, the citizen have both power in the individual state that they live in, as well as the national government as a whole. The two levels of government have their own powers and control different areas. In a confederation, the citizens are controlled by their state and have limited to none influence on how the citizens are governed. This allows the rules and regulations to be different between every state. Finally, a unitary system has its power centralized in the national government who gets their powers from the states.
2. The division of power, is a system put in place to distribute the power between different groups to achieve a certain style of government. In our federal government, we have checks and balances that are in place that keep each of our branches of government from overextending their powers. Each of these branches have their own unique responsibilities however still work as a group to run the government.
3. The Federal Government shape the actions of state and local government by providing aid and funding for these government as well as creating mandates. This was seen during the pandemic where the government was responsible for keeping businesses afloat during the economic downturns that occurred during the pandemic. The government gave many benefits to business and families affected by the pandemic to keep people afloat during the time. Additionally, states and local government were forced to abide by mask mandates in public areas and would be susceptible to fines if they did not maintain this rule.

1. Based on the arguments found in both readings, its clear that the constitution was written by the capitalist class of America. This can be seen because of how strongly it excluded any of the working class from voting and participating in most processes. The requirements for voting were very steep and in some areas required a high valuation and ownership of property; effectively blocking out a majority of the population. As a result, more then 90% of people were left without the power to vote due to these unattainable standards put upon them.
2. I would say that the social class structure of early United States of America are very similar if not the same, as how they are today. The reason I believe this to be is because the capitalist still have a firm controlling power in the way the government works. Ultimately, the government still conducts itself im a way which has the best in mind for the rich. The capitalist group is often able to influence changes in state and national laws allowing them to maintain their wealth. Although the working class has gained some powers in finding a voice, the capitalist still maintain a large majority of the wealth which in part is thanks to the government protection.
3. The people who wrote the Constitution were afraid of ‘democracy’ because they wanted to keep what they had in their land and power. By creating a democracy, they were be giving power away to the working class who they believed were not capable of making the proper decisions. A democracy would certainly lead to the field becoming more leveled which meant that the capitalist’s would end up losing money and their status compared to the working class. Because of this, they shifted away from any possibility of a democracy.

1. The concept of “faction” is similar to “class” that we have been learning of over the first 5 weeks of this course. In this certain case, the faction that he is referring to sounds similar to the “working class”. The reason for this is because of how a faction is considered a group of people with opposing ideas to those of James Madison. In this case, Madison is a capitalist, and the ideas of the working class are considered unfavorable to him.
2. According to the Federalist Papers #10, the source of wealth comes from the the ‘faculties’ they posses which are the interest and opinions that they have that are vastly different from the poorer working class. Some people get to own proprty while others don’t because they are born into the oppourtunity and have the faculties to do so. On the other hand, working class citizens are not born with the same faculties and remain in their working class.
3. I do agree with this explanation because a major aspect of becoming rich and owning property has to do with circumstances outside of a persons control. Moat people are unable to control the environment of their early life and are from there, provided less opportunities to climb the wealth ladder. Alternatively, those who are raised in high earning families and given connections to other wealth individuals; can have a much easier time reaching levels of wealth.
4. The “core mission” is to protect the capitalist from the working class. This is seen by the quote of ” The protection of these faculties is the first object of government. From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the possession of different degrees..” In this quote Madison is telling the reader that the government has a responsibility to keep the diversity in faculties the wat they are and that they must remain with the wealthy class essential. This sounds greatly different than what the government sounds like it should be doing today which is helping everyone and providing a chance for all.
5. I am not surprised that the federalist #10 Paper is in favor of a Republican government because of the perspective of the writer being James Madison. James Madison himself is apart of the capitalist class so him writing in favor of a government that helps protect them would make sense. Madison would have been fearful of a democratic government as it would give the power to those that he believed didn’t wield the authority to do so.

1, M-C-M’ is the capitalist’s approach to the small scale commodity production value chain. M, represents Money, which is the money that the capitalist puts into making something. This M’s consist of the machines used to make the product, along with the raw material, and the purchasing of labor power of a laborer who will put in their labor to create the value of the product by using the machines and the raw material. This directly converts to C, the commodity. The commodity is the shared value of everything that goes into creating the product including the labor power, the raw materials and machine hours put in. Afterwards, the commodity is then sold for more money than the value in which it contains. This money is considered the M’ and is higher then both the value of M and C previous in the line. The reason for this is because of the surplus value that is generated from C to M’. Commodities are sold at prices higher than the value of the labor and materials put into it leading to a profit for capitalist’s. By doing so, capitalist are able to generate wealth through the work of another person who is unequally compensated for the value they generate at the end. Capitalist then increase their wealth by increasing hours of production in order to receive more surplus labor hours, as well as improve the process of machine that can more efficiently produce goods, leading to a lower value of M put into the initial process while maintain M’. In reality, the M-C-M process is “M-C-M + S”, where S is the surplus value generated by the use of undercompensated laborers.