In Reading 4.3, the difference between owners and employees is that owners control businesses and make profits, while employees work for wages. For example, the owner of a restaurant makes money from the business, while the servers are employees who earn hourly wages.

The Adam Smith quote on page 28 means that labor is essential for creating wealth. Workers’ efforts produce the goods and services that drive the economy.

Reading 4.4 argues that class is not about identity; it’s about where people stand in economic relationships. It’s less about how people see themselves and more about their role in the economy.

When Reading 4.4 says “class structures are built around a close form of dependency,” it means that classes depend on each other but in an unequal way. For example, workers need jobs to earn money, and business owners need workers to make profits. This creates a close but unequal relationship.