The video clearly discusses two main ideas, the means of production and labor. The only means of production encompasses the physical and non-human resources needed to create goods and services, such as factories, machinery, tools, raw materials, and necessary infrastructure. In the textile industry, sewing machines, factory buildings, and fabric are examples of the means of production. which is quite great. labor refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, put into the production process. It involves people’s work to turn raw materials into finished products or services. For example, in the textile industry, factory workers operating sewing machines and designers creating clothing patterns are providing the labor. so Labor is the work done, while labor power is the ability or potential to do work. Workers sell their labor power to employers in exchange for wages, with the key difference being the capacity to work (labor power) versus the actual work done (labor). Surplus value is the extra value created by workers beyond their wages. It shows how workers’ labor generates profit for capitalists in a capitalist economy. Understanding surplus value helps us see the economic exploitation in these systems.