4.2 Question 1: The distinction that reading 4.3 makes between owners and employees is that owners are the people who have most of their income come from the people who work for them either through a company that the owners own or by creating wealth that allows their investments to give the owners a great return while employees are people who work for owners and receive their income by working for others (while also not receiving nearly the amount of money that owners do). An example of an owner is Elon Musk, someone who owns the Tesla Company and has many different people working for him to manufacture things such as electric vehicles, which makes him a lot of money. An example of an employee is a high school Global History teacher. They are employed by the school they are employed by to teach their Global History course to their students throughout each year and are paid by the school for their labor, but don’t make as much as the owners of the school itself.  

4.2 Question 2: The way that I understand the quote by Adam Smith on page 28 is that the only real way to determine the value of a sold item is by looking at how much work went into creating it in the first place. Everything that needed to be done to get each of its components, forming the item, moving it to areas where it could be sold, advertising it in different areas and everything else done it get the item sold is what truly determines the value of item as opposed to its price, which is just numbers that were set by someone. What this says about labor is that the amount of labor that goes into making something that might have a low price is a lot more extensive than you might think and that it shouldn’t be taken for granted. 

4.2 Question 3: The argument that is being stated within reading 4.4 is that socialists believe that class is not an identity that is separated into different ladders, but instead a form of structure within society that makes it so that all of society has to depend on capitalists due to them holding a form of power over society’s productive assets. In my opinion, I do think that I agree with the argument that was made by the socialists because they are trying to show that no matter how much you make via working, it doesn’t change the fact that you don’t have control over the productive assets like capitalists do and that you are still dependent on them as an employee. 

4.2 Question 4: The way that understand the argument that “class structures are built around a close form of dependency is that both capitalists and workers depend on each other in order for fill their needs and interests. This close form of dependency in particular would be the productivity for the workers end for capitalists and the jobs/money that capitalists provide for workers. An example of this is would be a Mcdonalds franchisee and their employees. The Mcdonalds franchisee needs workers in order to produce the food is going to be sold to its customers that generates money for them, while the employees needs to maintain their productivity so that they are able to keep their jobs and continue earning the paychecks that they need for their necessities in life.