Virginia became the 38th state to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, fulfilling the requirement that three-quarters of the states must approve it in order to add it to the U.S. Constitution. However, there is still a long fight in the courts or in the U.S. legislature before the ERA is added to the Constitution. The Equal Rights Amendment was written in 1923 by members of the National Woman’s Party and passed by Congress in 1972. It stated that equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex. It took effect two years after the date of ratification. Alice Paul, the founder of the National Woman’s Party, proposed the Equal Rights Amendment in 1913. She studied at colleges and universities in the U.S. and Britain, and pushed American suffragists to use confrontational techniques. In 1917, she was sentenced to seven months in prison for picketing the White House. After women won the right to vote in 1920, the National Woman’s Party turned its attention to the next steps. Jessica Neuwirth, a women’s rights lawyer, and Martha Griffiths, a Michigan Congresswoman, worked to have sex discrimination added to Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972 failed due to a seven-year deadline for ratification, which slowed to a trickle. Griffiths reintroduced the amendment the following year and it passed the House and Senate in 1972.

In the article “Virginia Just Became the 38th State to Pass the Equal Rights Amendment. Here’s What to Know About the History of the ERA” By Tara Law in TIME Magazine Online at time.com First Published August 23, 2019; Updated January 15, 2020. Tara Law speaks and informs us of how Virginia became the 38th state to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, fulfilling the requirement that three-quarters of the states must approve it in order to add it to the U.S. Constitution. The amendment was written in 1923 by members of the National Woman’s Party and passed by Congress in 1972. It stated that equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns formed the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, which used parades, petitions, protests and pickets to push for the right to vote. The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972 was unsuccessful due to a seven-year deadline for ratification. Martha Griffiths, a Michigan Congresswoman, worked to have sex discrimination added to Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and pushed the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to double down on its enforcement. Griffiths reintroduced the amendment the following year and it passed the House and Senate on Oct. 12, 1971 and March 22, 1972. However, the amendment’s passage had a major consequence: mobilizing anti-femin The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed constitutional amendment that could have a profound effect on women’s rights. Proponents argue that it could strengthen the legal basis for combating violence against women, pay inequality and maternity leave, while opponents argue that it could lead to the striking down of laws that restrict access to abortion. Professor Tracy Thomas of The University of Akron School of Law argues that the law would prevent women’s rights from sliding back and eliminate some “wiggle room” that leaves space in the law for stereotypes to affect civil rights. She also argues that protecting women’s rights in the Constitution would have a major cultural impact. One Hundred Years toward Suffrage: An Overview This timeline accompanies the Prints and Photographs Division reference aid, Votes for Women: The Struggle for Women’s Suffrage: Selected Images from the Collections of the Library of Congress, highlighting images found in the Prints & Photographs Online Catalog from the years 1776-1850 | 1851-1899 | 1900-1920 this overview states everything that has happened from the range of these years 1776-1850 | 1851-1899 | 1900-1920 such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton published The Woman’s Bible and NAWSA distances itself from her. Mary Church Terrell, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Margaret Murray Washington, Fanny Jackson Coppin, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Charlotte Forten Grimké, and Harriet Tubman form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). Maud Wood Park is the youngest delegate to the NAWSA convention. Susan B. Anthony steps down as president and chooses Carrie Chapman Catt to succeed her. Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first American woman elected to represent her state in the House of Representatives. The Nineteenth Amendment was adopted and NAWSA became the League of Women Voters.

In the reading beyond the gender binary the narrator is gender non-conforming and is often harassed in public due to legislation at the local, state, and federal levels targeting them. Additionally, the Department of Justice has announced that trans and gender non-conforming workers are not protected by civil rights law. The author argues that being self-reflective and open to transformation is something we should celebrate, not fear, and that society’s inability to place us in boxes makes them uncomfortable. Arguments against gender non-conforming people are about maintaining power and control, and can be grouped into four categories: dismissal, inconvenience, biology, and the slippery slope. People are still upset about the use of a singular pronoun when it’s plural, and the selective outcry over new words to describe gender and sexuality is about prejudice, not principle. Indigenous people and people outside of the Western world have long been outside of the gender binary, and gender diversity is a natural attribute of human expression. Gender non-conforming people face disproportionately high rates of murder, physical violence, job discrimination, homelessness, and health gaps. Tolerance is about maintaining distance, while acceptance is about integrating difference into one’s life. Society presupposes everyone as heterosexual and binary gendered before giving them a chance to come into themselves. Human diversity is constantly being redefined, with definitions of gender, sex, race, and citizenship being used to exclude us. The 2015 US Transgender Survey found that one in ten trans and gender non-conforming people were physically attacked in the past year, and nearly half were survivors of sexual violence. It is time to create new policies and protocols that move beyond the gender binary and prioritize gender non-conforming people.

Peggy McIntosh argues that white privilege is an invisible package of unearned assets that puts white people at an advantage. This text discusses the effects of white privilege on the lives of African Americans, such as being in the company of people of their race, being able to rent or purchase housing in an area which they can afford, and being able to go shopping alone. It also highlights the difficulty of finding parallels between racism, sexism, and heterosexism, and the difficulty of disentangling unearned advantage from other factors such as social class, economic class, race, religion, sex and ethnic identity. To redesign social systems, we need to acknowledge their unseen dimensions and raise our consciousness on the perquisites of being light-skinned.

Sex refers to anatomy and physiology, including sex chromosomes, sex hormones, sex organs, and external genitalia. Male, Female, and Intersex are terms used to refer to biological sex. Intersex means a person has female sex chromosomes and female internal reproductive organs, but has external genitals that appear male. Gender is the social and cultural roles that males and females are expected to subscribe to based on their biological sex, and is broken down into three main categories: gender assignment, gender identity, and gender expression. Intersex babies are often categorized based on their external genitalia and socialized according to the gender roles of the culture they were born into. Gender identity refers to how a person thinks about themselves in regards to gender, while gender assignment and gender identity don’t always “match.” Gender expression is how a person shows their gender identity, such as clothing, make-up, hairstyles, or style of walking or dancing. Sexual orientation is fluid and can change over time, making it a Choose and decide your own way.

Abigail Adams wrote to her husband, John, asking him to remember the Ladies in the Declaration of Independence. Emma Hart Willard found the Troy Female Seminary, Oberlin College awarded the first academic degrees to three women, Sarah Grimke began her speaking career, Mary Lyon found Mount Holyoke College, the first four-year college exclusively for women in the US, Mississippi passed the first Married Woman’s Property Act, Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery, Sojourner Truth delivered her “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech, Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Lucretia Mott wrote Discourse on Woman and Paulina Wright Davis published The Una. The women’s rights movement split into two factions due to disagreements over the Fourteenth and soon-to-be-passed Fifteenth Amendments. The birth rate in the US continued its downward spiral, with women raising an average of only two to three children by the late 1900s. The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was founded by Annie Wittenmyer and became an important force in the fight for woman suffrage. Belva Ann Lockwood was denied permission to practice before the Supreme Court, but she became the first woman to do so in 1879. Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr found Hull House, a settlement house project in Chicago’s 19th Ward, and the Progressive campaign of which it is a part propels thousands of college-educated white women and a number of women of color into lifetime careers in social work. Elizabeth Cady Stanton publishes The Woman’s Bible, Mary Church Terrell, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Margaret Murray Washington, Fanny Jackson Coppin, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Charlotte Forten Grimké, and former slave Harriet Tubman form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS) is organized. Jeannette Rankin of Montana became the first American woman elected to represent her state in the U.S. House of Representatives. The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified by the states, leading to the formation of the League of Women Voters and the Equal Rights Amendment.

In the reading Feminism And Capitalism: The Ideological Dilemma Of Coexistence and In the youtube video it tells or informs us that Feminism is a socio-economic and political ideology that advocates for equal opportunities for all in a systemically unequal world meaning that its a ideology that always stands with or on the side of equal rights. It is rooted in the principles of diverse representation, which implies that individuals have unique identities, experiences, knowledge and strengths. Capitalism promotes individualism over collective action, which further exacerbates sexism, casteism, ableism and racism. Women are disproportionately affected by economic oppression through forced labor, meager wages, triple burden of work, lack of access to resources and opportunities. Gender mainstreaming is a transformative approach that can bring about paradigm shifts in our socio-political-economic structures and contribute to the gender dividend. Imbalance between the owner of the factors of production and the individuals who sell their labor is amplified when a woman is paid a wage that significantly undermines the value contribution made by her. Gender mainstreaming is a change and also different approach which has immense potential in challenging the status quo and skewed resource allocation. The World Economic Forum released its annual Gender Gap Report 2021 on March 31st, which is ironically also the women’s history month. The gender gap in the labor market has remained the same since 1995, and women are disproportionately affected by economic oppression through forced labor, meager wages, triple burden of work, lack of access to resources and opportunities. This from what I can understand from both reading Feminism And Capitalism: The Ideological Dilemma Of Coexistence and the youtube video as well because it shows us feminism and capitalism being able to go beyond by showing us there is knowledge about.