Summary
Jeffrey, Fagan and Garth, Davies, Street Stops and Broken Windows: Terry, Race and Disorder in New York city, 28 Fordham Urb. L..J 457 (2000-2001)
https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2242&context=faculty_scholarship
In this article connection between broken window theory and racial disparity is shown throughout the neighborhood of minorities and methods of policing in such communities. They portray evidence of black Americans being often stopped and frisked by the police than white Americans due to higher chance of crime activity and due to police having approval of these practices given by their superiors. We learn that racial profiling dates from even 19th century when legal system in USA used in immigration exclusion of Chinese immigrants, the internment of the Japanese during World War II and so many examples that we have met during the history. Research was taken from many scholar articles based on thorough social observation practices. It mostly focuses on racial profiling, aggressive policing, disadvantage of minorities in New. York city when they are in contact whit law enforcement. I found this article important for my work since it is as a basic introduction for policing and community in New York city.
Marcuse, Peter, Gentrification, Abandonment, and Displacement: Connections, Causes, and Policy Responses in New York City
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/waucl28&div=6&id=&page=
As portrayed here, gentrification is for a good cause as it improves the quality of housing, contributes to tax base and revitalizes important parts of the city through initiative. Gentrification increases abandonment by attracting higher income households from other areas through the city and reduces demand elsewhere. On the opposite, it displaces lower income people increasing pressures on housing and rents. Marcuse focused on “vicious circle” where the poor seek to wall themselves within gentrified neighborhoods. Throughout the article, he focused on the problems, the causes of gentrification, definitions displacement and abandonment and what they cause in our community. Some of his facts were taken form the Department of city Planning of New York and his overall summary of changes in the communities is shown via graphs, documents etc where he states that gentrification contributes to the increased residential polarization of NYC by income level, education level, household composition and race.
Schwartz Amy Ellen, Susin, Scott and Voicu Ioan, Has Falling Crime Driven New York City’s real estate Boom?
https://furmancenter.org/files/publications/Has_Fallen_Crime.pdf
Schwartz, Scott and Voicu are professors and research fellows in U.S Census Bureau and they do state that the opinions in the following texts are not based on opinions of Census but their own. Research was helped by the fellow colleagues in the Census. In this text, opinion if fixated on how New York city real estate market boomed between 1988- 1998 due to fallen crime rates that lead this city to become an attraction for tourism, application for colleges and increased property value. They circle around the question of higher prices driven by the falling crime and focus on the subsidized low income housings, the quality of public schools and further factors. For me it was interesting to add this to my work since now in my neighborhood, Astoria, the gentrification and crime are both rising.
Waldron, M, Linda, Associate Porfessor, Department of Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology “Girls are Worse”, Drama Queens, Ghetto Girls, Tomboys, and the Meaning of Girl Fights,
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0044118x10382031?casa_token=IIzf-a7v5acAAAAA:g__CIdxglisqWhUnfERRjF3SlWSoXyJZ1BALyKhinH4kqjYLvLIA9TCWf13FAoMNeEVS92pPrcw
I found this text incredibly interesting as this is most certainly an unusual topic. Waldron focused on school fights and how even though, it is factual that percentagewise most of the fights are started by boys, often times we hear a phrase “ Girls are worse”. She also uses a race-class-gender approach to this topic, where she further connects this with girls who engage in school fights being called “tomboys”, “ghetto girls”, “gay girls”, and so on. She took examples from popular movies and books and analyzed how popular culture depicts girl’s and their behavior often times as aggressive, dramatic, emotional, and out of control. Waldron explains and provides examples from various researches that girl aggression is actually not on the rise and that the rise in female violence may simply be a product of new definitions of youth violence and changes in the criminal justice system, or a result of the type of statistics that media outlets tend to focus on, or the outcome of increasing zero tolerance policies in schools in recent decades.
Supriya Misra, SCD, Simona C.Kwon, DrPH2, Ana F. Abdraido-Lanza, PhD, Perla Chebli, PhD, Chau Trinh- Shevrin, DrPH and Stella S. Yi, Phd Structural Racism and Immigrant Health in the United States https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/10901981211010676
This study focused on the problem that we often meet, but rarely speak about. The inequality that immigrants face in the health care system. The study was mostly focused on Latino, Asian and Arab population. Race-based inequities are connected with racism which suggest that some racial groups are treated differently which leads to devaluation, power, resources and opportunities for better health treatment. But, why is this such a problem? To begin with, it deprives people from equal opportunity and their rights, but also it is a major problem, given the fact that immigrant represent 13% of USA population (40 million people) who were born outside of USA. The purpose of the study is to show this ongoing problem that immigrants face and with hope to change the the dominant narratives around immigrant health, their rights, immigration policy and research itself
Step2- Annotated Bibliography