Read the following article from the Brennan Center, titled Myths and Realities: Understanding Recent Trends in Violent Crime. What are the most damaging myths about crime trends and why? Make sure to provide enough information in your comment
Please leave at least three comments. One is your original contribution. And two comments are your replies to your classmates. Deadline: 09/17/23
As I read the following article from the Brennan Center titled Myths and Realities: Understanding Recent Trends in Violent Crime, I learned that crime changes and is influenced as generations and time passes. First, criminal behavior is defined as such by state law. States often go through significant changes when they modernize. Criminal legislation and its implementation also. Therefore, as behaviors change with modernization, so does the notion of what constitutes lawful versus illegal action. I think the most damaging myth about crime trends is gun violence because guns do not kill people. People kill people and weapons are a choice. People who possess firearms kill others more effectively than those who do not. In comparison to other high-income nations, the United States has a 26x greater gun homicide rate. Federal law does not forbid those who are currently dating or just ended a relationship and are the subject of a restraining order from acquiring or owning firearms. Numerous kids under the age of 18 who have access to firearms every year accidentally shoot themselves or others, often fatally. The United States would be the safest nation on earth if having more weapons everywhere made us all safer. Instead, our rate of gun homicide is 26 times higher than that of other high-income nations. Having a gun around increases the hazards posed to children and teachers, and arming teachers overlooks this fact. Law enforcement and school safety experts are opposed to arming teachers. In addition, “The pandemic may have encouraged more people to purchase and rely on weapons. Indeed, one study documented “4.3 million excess firearm purchases nationally from March through July 2020” relative to what the researchers’ model would have predicted based on past data” (Grawert and Kim 2023). This portrays that by holding the gun industry and manufacturers responsible, addressing legal loopholes, and balancing short-term measures that address current spikes in gun violence with long-term ones that address core causes, we may contribute to developing safe and just communities. The nation must advance comprehensive community safety and justice policies that support investments in solutions that prevent crime before it happens, defend criminal justice reforms falsely attributed to increasing crime, and pass gun control laws to address how simple it is to purchase a gun in America. COVID was the time when everyone was on lockdown and abused guns due to driven mostly the United States of America society. We’ve opted to make guns accessible to practically everyone, and protecting those who sell and wish to own weapons seems to be more important to us than safeguarding the general population. WORK CITED: Grawert, Ames, and Noah Kim. “Myths and Realities: Understanding Recent Trends in Violent Crime.” Brennan Center for Justice, 4 Oct. 2022, http://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/myths-and-realities-understanding-recent-trends-violent-crime.
I agree with you Alyssa on the fact that we blame the murders and violent crimes on gun-violence. People choose to do harm no matter if they had a gun or not. I guarantee you the people who are charged with violent crimes with guns would have committed the same act of violence with any other weapon of there choice.
Alyssa you stated some good points, I also believe that people kill people, not guns. I like how you said owning weapons seems more important than general safety.
The most damaging myth about crime trends is most crime is committed by the poor or minority neighborhoods. It has been implemented in us that we should be careful in the “ghetto”. We are taught by society that the people who live there are dangerous and nothing there is good. Now there is no doubt crime happens at a high rate in these neighborhoods, but to belief the fact that the upper class neighborhoods are crime free is absurd. In 2020 the crime rate increased rapidly. “Crime rates changed dramatically across the United States in 2020. Most significantly, the murder rate — that is, the number of murders per 100,000 people — rose sharply, by nearly 30 percent. Assaults increased as well, with the rate of offenses rising by more than 10 percent” (Grawert and Kim 3). At this rate it couldn’t only be the minority neighborhoods the numbers wouldn’t add up. “The number of murders jumped by more than 30 percent in the largest cities and by 20 percent in places designated by the FBI as suburban”(Grawert and Kim 4). We need to stop blaming one less fortunate group and start to look at the main problem in the mental health of our citizens. Crime is increasing in every neighborhood especially after covid. Mental health is the real cause not all these other things we blame crime for.
WORK CITED: Grawert, Ames, and Noah Kim. “Myths and Realities: Understanding Recent Trends in Violent Crime.” Brennan Center for Justice, 4 Oct. 2022,
http://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/myths-and-realities-understanding-recent-trends-violent-crime.
Dear Elijah, I agree that it is horrible with the stereotyping of most crimes coming from the low income or minority neighborhoods. I hate how the myth of humans got to be careful of the ghetto because they are “dangerous.” It doesn’t matter as anyone around the world has the capacity to commit crimes. Mental health is very important and ever since COVID, everyone was on lockdown and most became crazy.
Hello Elijah, Poor or minority neighborhoods seem to be more targeted. I believe they stated gun violence increased worldwide such as school shootings, gang shootings hate crimes, and self-inflicting shootings.
Hi Elijah,
Your comment raises some important points about crime trends and the misconceptions that often surround them. It’s crucial to address these misconceptions and promote a more nuanced understanding of crime and its underlying causes. It’s true that crime rates can vary widely across different neighborhoods and communities. While there may be higher crime rates in some low-income or minority neighborhoods, it’s important to recognize that this isn’t because the people who live there are inherently more prone to criminal behavior.
Rather, it often reflects the socio-economic challenges and lack of opportunities that these communities face, which can contribute to higher rates of certain types of crime. Crime exists in all communities, including affluent ones. The statistics you provided about increases in murder and assaults in 2020 demonstrate that crime is not confined to any one demographic or area. However, the nature and types of crimes may differ from one neighborhood to another. To address crime effectively, it’s essential to focus on addressing its root causes. This includes addressing systemic inequalities, providing better access to education and economic opportunities, and improving mental health services. Simply stigmatizing certain neighborhoods or groups of people doesn’t address the underlying issues.
Building strong, supportive communities can also play a vital role in reducing crime. When communities come together to support one another, they can help prevent crime and provide alternatives to criminal behavior.
Hey Elijah, you introduced this myth great in your response to the prompt. Upper class neighborhoods are definitely not crime free especially in this city and your use of quotes backs your answer amazingly.
Hello Elijah,
I agree with your discussion on this module. Crime is usually associated with minority communities; you must be more vigilant there than anywhere else. Crime occurs throughout all areas of life. Crime happens at the most affluent income levels and those crimes seem to be overlooked. COVID-19 was a shock throughout the nation and many citizens do not have or look into mental health resources to adapt to the new state of affairs.
One damaging myth is claiming that crime rose due to bail reforms. They claimed people who were released due to the bail reforms are the ones to blame for the crime rate rising. There was no evidence that supported this claim. On the other hand, there was proof that the bail reform had no impact on the crime rate increasing. According to the article, it states” research comparing public safety trends from before and after bail reforms tends to show no link between these policy changes and increasing crime” I believe this is damaging because if there wasn’t a bail reform there would be a lot of innocent people awaiting trial. The bail reform has no correlation to the increase in crime, I believe it’s more beneficial to innocent people. This is concerning because the removal of the bail reform can impact our state as a whole, That would mean more innocent people in jail.
WORK CITED: Grawert, Ames, and Noah Kim. “Myths and Realities: Understanding Recent Trends in Violent Crime.” Brennan Center for Justice, 4 Oct. 2022,
http://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/myths-and-realities-understanding-recent-trends-violent-crime.
Hi Andi,
The comment underscores the significance of dispelling the damaging myth surrounding bail reforms and their impact on crime rates. It emphasizes the need to make policy decisions based on evidence and data rather than unsupported assertions. The consistent research findings indicating no substantial connection between bail reforms and increased crime rates are highlighted. The comment emphasizes that bail reforms primarily aim to prevent the unjust detention of individuals who cannot afford bail, safeguarding the rights of those awaiting trial
Hi Andi, I agree with you that decisions should be based purely on evidence and data and not the emotions and feelings the individual has.
Hello Andi,
I agree with your assessment of the article. I also mentioned in my response that a major myth in crime is the bail reforms raising crime rates. There was no evidence and it was seen that there was no impact on the crime rate. Your point that innocent people may await trial if there wasn’t a bail reform is a very valid point.
Hello Andi! I like how you stated that bail reforms are a myth for the crime rate rising because more innocent people can be in jail.
Hello Andi,
I agree with your thoughts on this module. I had similar sentiments about the rise in crime rates. The Bail Reform Act was implemented to assist those who may not have the financial means of representation. Individuals used this legislation in a negative light to associate bail reform with underserved groups. There is substantial evidence to support that as a role in crime rates increase.
Some of the most damaging myths about crime trends in the United States include the misconception of a “Crime Wave” in major cities, despite overall decreasing violent crime rates. Another myth wrongly suggests that immigrants, especially undocumented ones, are responsible for a disproportionate amount of crime when studies consistently show the opposite. There’s also the myth that mass shootings are the primary form of gun violence, overshadowing the more prevalent daily firearm-related crimes. Additionally, the “Superpredator” myth from the 1990s falsely portrayed juveniles as imminent criminals, leading to punitive juvenile justice policies that have since been disproven. These myths persist due to sensationalized media and political narratives, fostering misguided policies, increased fear, and unfair stigmatization of certain communities. Addressing crime-related issues requires accurate data and evidence-based approaches.
I 100% agree Manifer. Sensationalized media is a major contributer to creating false narratives. The news headlines are to provoke thought, but actual data and statistics are seldomly reported to back up these claims. Like when COVID-19 was prevalent, national media was sure to report numbers and cases everyday, from state to state for the entire 2020. Breaking news and headlines only caused people to grow more in fear and uncertainty. The entirety of it was to have full control the public’s attention. So if myths about crime rates and causes are leaked into the media, everyone with undoubtedly draw those same conclusions, because “they said it on the news”.
Hi Manifer,
Relying on accurate data and research is essential because it allows us to understand the true nature of crime and its causes. Misconceptions and myths can lead to misguided policies and actions that do not effectively address the root causes of crime. By dispelling myths about crime trends, we can avoid the unfair stigmatization of certain communities, such as immigrants or juveniles. Treating individuals and communities fairly and justly is a fundamental aspect of a just society. I agree misconceptions about crime can generate unnecessary fear and anxiety among the public which leads to people acting on fear. Addressing these myths can help alleviate these fears and promote a more balanced understanding of crime and safety. Historical examples, such as the “superpredator” myth, illustrate the potential harm of relying on misconceptions. By learning from past mistakes, we can avoid the adoption of policies that lead to unintended negative consequences. A society that values evidence-based decision-making and fairness in its approach to crime fosters greater cohesion and unity. It promotes a sense that justice is being served and that all members of society are treated equitably. In summary, agreeing with the importance of addressing these myths and using evidence-based approaches to tackle crime-related issues is about promoting fairness, informed decision-making, and effective policies that make communities safer and more cohesive. It’s a commitment to a more just and evidence-driven approach to addressing complex societal challenges.
The most damaging myths explain in the article is changing, poor communities, and communities of color. I believe the reason of high crimes statistics in minority community is that we are more targeted, than in white neighborhoods. Crime committed or allegedly committed by the minority group is much more exposed and much more cruel because they want to paint a picture that they are more dangerous than others. I believe that changing poor communities and communities of color So-called higher up to gently the community, kick out the minority group, and there wouldn’t be opportunities or much change or much help that is giving to poor income communities.
Hi Manifer, I agree with you on school shootings not being the only issue for gun violence. Their are many crimes besides school shootings involving gun incidents. Also I believe by having some states limiting gun purchases per month doesn’t stop crimes from happening.
It’s no secret that the procedures of the COVID-19 pandemic have had an impact on our quality of life for almost 2 years. Crime rates have skyrocketed throughout the nation, and reporting accurate information regarding motives and causes can be damaging to statistics. One would be bail reform and the assumption that small-time criminals are a major component of trending criminal activity. The article quoted a study, “eliminating bail for select misdemeanor and nonviolent felony charges under New York’s original bail reform law significantly reduced recidivism”. Without the statistics, one could argue that bail reform contributes to rising crime, but proper research needs to be conducted from city to city to identify patterns. This myth is damaging because bail reform is a useful tool for petty crime offenders. The purpose of the Bail Reform Act, in short, was to recognize the economic disadvantage of individuals subjected to high bail amounts. In nyclu.org/en/campaigns/facts-bail-reform, it reads “person’s wealth should not determine their liberty.” This act doesn’t protect assailants of gun violence and murder. This myth could demolish the rights of citizens with misdemeanors and who may be financially unstable. If this act were to be abolished, the trust of the public is sure to be tarnished.
Hi Everyone,
The article explores critical myths surrounding recent trends in violent crime and underscores why these misconceptions can be damaging. Firstly, there’s a misconception that bail reform is responsible for rising crime rates, which can lead to a misguided focus on punitive measures and ignores research suggesting its limited impact on crime. Secondly, blaming specific policies or jurisdictions for violent crime oversimplifies its complex nature, hindering the development of comprehensive solutions. Thirdly, exaggerating crime rates can lead to fear-driven policies, even though current rates are significantly lower than in the early 1990s.
Moreover, assuming all crimes are increasing uniformly overlooks the need for targeted responses to various types of offenses. Proposing a single cause for rising crime rates oversimplifies the issue when multiple factors are at play. Additionally, the myth that stricter sentencing and mass incarceration are the best solutions disregards evidence suggesting more effective and equitable approaches.
Lastly, the criminal justice system alone cannot address rising crime; it requires a multifaceted approach that includes addressing root causes like poverty and community disinvestment. Furthermore, the misconception that violent crime is evenly distributed across all communities neglects the disproportionate burden certain marginalized communities bear. To address crime effectively and reduce harm, a nuanced understanding of crime trends and evidence-based, holistic policies are essential.
After reading the article from the Brennan Center, titled “Myths and Realities: Understanding Recent Trends in Violent Crime.” I read that there are multiple myths that are damaging to crime trends. One myth is bail reform and the idea that those released due to this bail reform contribute to the rising crime. According to the article “Broadly, there is no evidence that bail reform drove post-2020 rises in violence. Instead, research comparing public safety trends from before and after bail reforms tends to show no link between these policy changes and increasing crime.” Another myth people believe contributes to crime is “deciding to not prosecute certain nonviolent crimes or declining to seek pretrial detention in some cases — contributed to rising crime. But there is no evidence to support these claims” In this case these myths were proven to be false as data showed that those who are not prosecuted for certain nonviolent crimes were less likely to find themselves in a courtroom again within two years. Overall, these reforms and adjustments to how we persecute some crimes have led people to believe that the crime rate would increase. Yet the opposite was found especially with the statistic that those who are not prosecuted for their non-violent crime are less likely to become repeat offenders.
Cited: https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/myths-and-realities-understanding-recent-trends-violent-crime Last accessed Sept. 17th,2023
The system has shown us , it’s like bad tonsils , you’ll always get strep throat!!! It’ll continue to reoccur , that’s like people and the prison system they continue to go back… Acrion put in place to rehabilitate are not rehabilitating..
One of the most damaging myths about crime trends mentioned in this article is the oversimplification that newly implemented policies or reforms, such as bail reform or progressive prosecutor strategies, are the primary causes of rising crime rates. This myth can lead to quick judgments and the unfair blaming of policies without solid evidence. The article challenges this myth by presenting research that shows no clear link between these policies and increasing crime. Another harmful myth is the idea that crime trends are mainly tied to political affiliations or governance styles, which can oversimplify the issue. The article debunks this by revealing that the 2020 rise in murder rates did not significantly vary based on whether cities had Democratic or Republican mayors, emphasizing that crime increases were a national phenomenon not linked to specific political ideologies. Crime trends are influenced by many factors and by rushing to blame specific policies or affiliations can lead to ineffective and only hinders the evidence based policy making.
The most damaging myth about crime trends is how it labels individuals as criminals or a particular area likely to engage in criminal activities. COVID-19 painted many pictures of what crime was engaged in those crimes. To talk specifically to New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic, we saw a historical rise in crime, but that rise was nationwide and in jurisdictions of all types. New York City, in 2020, was the focal point of crime in the United States. In the media, this narrative was being pushed and sent people to escape the city if they didn’t have the means to “shelter in place.” I think this is the most dangerous myth because it tries to relate crime to those living in underserved communities. All types of crime occurred, but crime increased nationwide. One of the most significant issues during this time was bail reform and how that legislation contributed to the rise in crime across the city. These myths allow for increased policing and create stereotypes surrounding crime trends. This module taught me how the databases across many law enforcement agencies were not in unison. These law enforcement agency’s lack of communication reflects how crime trends were recorded. “The FBI’s report on national crime trends relied heavily on estimates.” This poses an issue when reporting accurate information not based on prejudices.
Inner city communities will be seen as more than a contributing factor to crime than areas outside those communities. Grawert, Ames, and Noah Kim. “Myths and Realities: Understanding Recent Trends in Violent Crime.” Brennan Center for Justice, 4 Oct. 2022, article highlights the factors contributing to the myths of crime trends. The most vital factor I read was “The Role of Progressive Prosecutors.” Many believed prosecutors, especially in blue states, had a hands-off approach to prosecuting crime. No empirical evidence could support that claim, leading to using that as an opportunity to continue ingrain dangerous biases.
Cited: Grawert, Ames, and Noah Kim. “Myths and Realities: Understanding Recent Trends in Violent Crime.” Brennan Center for Justice, 4 Oct. 2022
Over the years, a number of fallacies regarding crime patterns have been spread. These myths have a significant impact on public perception and policy, frequently to the disadvantage of neighborhoods and successful crime prevention.
Crime is constantly worsening. Politics and sensationalist media coverage frequently feed into this notion. The truth is that crime trends can differ significantly over time and between different geographical areas. In fact, violent crime rates have been falling for decades in many regions of the world. When individuals think that crime is always increasing, it can cause unwarranted paranoia and fear in communities. This fear may then motivate people to embrace unnecessarily harsh measures that fail to address the underlying causes of crime, creating a vicious cycle of incarceration without rehabilitative outcomes.
More severe punishments always prevent crime. There is a common misconception that toughening up on sanctions will automatically deter potential criminals. Although it may seem obvious, research indicates that the likelihood of being caught and punished rather than the severity of the punishment acts as a more potent deterrent. Ineffectively reducing crime rates may result from overly severe punishment, especially for non-violent acts, which can contribute to overcrowded prison systems. Instead, they frequently make it more difficult for people to reintegrate into society after serving time in prison.
Moral failing is the primary cause of crime. By blaming crime only on a person’s moral failings and neglecting the complicated interaction of socioeconomic circumstances, this myth simplifies crime. Personal responsibility is undoubtedly a factor, but conditions where crime is more common can also be influenced by things like poverty, illiteracy, lack of access to good jobs, and systematic prejudice. By concentrating just on morality, we fail to make the structural adjustments required to address the underlying issues that underlie many criminal actions.
In conclusion, misunderstandings about crime trends might make it difficult to develop effective policies and cause conflict within communities. To create secure and inclusive societies, it is crucial that the general population is well-informed, equipped with accurate information, and a sophisticated understanding of crime’s root causes.
Hi Genesis, I agree with you on how politics are in control of how we view the crimes happening world wide. We are constantly being shown crimes being taken place which results us into thinking crime rates are high in certain areas.
The most damaging myths about crime trends are economic instability. It is said that crimes were being mainly commited in low income neighbordhoods during covid 19 because of lack of resources.But crimes were being commited all over when the pandemic had it. Even though the white collar workers were working remote their were non violent crimes being commited such as money laundering and fraud. Another damaging crime myth would be gun violence. Having control of guns would not stop crimes from happening. Access to guns will still be available illegally and crimes can be commited with out guns involved.
I strongly agree!!!!! COVID 19 had a beyond powerful impact, people losing jobs.. loved ones passing left and right, COVID 19 was a fault to a major recession.
I agree, that economic instability doesn’t drive crime, as crimes occur across various income levels. Also, controlling access to guns may not eliminate crime entirely, as illegal guns will always be on the streets. Crime trends are influenced by different levels of social, economic, and individual factors.
Yes Destiny, people tend to forget that money laundering and fraud is a crime, just because people are not physically getting hurt, shouldn’t undermine the crime being committed.
I definitely agree with you , economic instability is not a drive for crime. Crime happens no matter what income you make and whether you live in a low or a high income community , crime is still able to happen no matter what
The most damaging myth is minorities and individuals from neighborhoods of poverty commit the most crimes. As a teen who grew up under privilege her whole life, poverty doesn’t make us. But the world create substantial limitations on us based off where we come from. For example, “For one, poor and historically disadvantaged communities bore the brunt of the rise in violence in 2020. In just one example, according to the New York City Mayor’s Office of Criminal Justice, the number of shootings doubled in the neighborhood of East New York (from 51 to 102) and nearly tripled in Brownsville (from 34 to 96). Both Brooklyn communities have been hot spots of violence for more than a quarter century. “ Also expressed was thoughts of youth criminal activity being one of the highest.. But was the thought ever if they added activities, programs,jobs, and things for the youth to do a possibility of Chang would happen. But it’s always fingers pointed never opportunities to make a difference. In addition, “Violence also remained concentrated among young people. Around 40 percent of people arrested for murder in 2020 were aged between 20 and 29, matching historical trends. Murder victims were more widely distributed in terms of age, with around 30 percent in their 20s and another 30 percent over the age of 40.”
I feel like if change was brought into the communities we live in , better outcomes would be formed.
The most dangerous myth about crime in my opinion is that the police can solve most crimes. This myth goes that the police are superheroes who can solve every crime. In reality, many crimes go unsolved, and police clearance rates vary widely depending on the type of crime and where it happens. The police can’t solve every crime. Some crimes remain unsolved, which means the bad guys get away. Also, how well the police do at solving crimes depends on the kind of crime and where it takes place. They’re good at it in some cases, but in others, not. Relying solely on the police to prevent and solve crimes can undermine community-based solutions and overburden law enforcement. Depending only on the police to stop and solve crimes isn’t the best idea. It can make things worse in two ways. First, it can stop communities from working together to prevent crime. People should look out for each other and help make their neighborhoods safer. And those within the neighborhood also develop a negative perception of the police. Secondly, it can be too much work for the police to deal with everything. They have much to do; if we expect them to do everything, they might not do as well as we hope. So, it’s better when everyone plays a part in keeping their community safe, not just the police. If everyone contributes, the community will become a safer place.
I agree with this, the public cannot think the police will always solve the crime. Yes, they do their best but at the end of the day, there are only so many resources that can catch the offender. They might even be smarter. Look at the Zodiac killer, all the people involved, all the resources and money used to try catching the killer, and still to this day remains unsolved. People will blame police officers for overreacting in situations as small as arguments between two citizens. But the public needs to understand officers have a process they follow. To de-escalate the situation officers need to restrain both parties and by the time they arrive the argument would’ve increased drastically and in the time it takes for police to come, the public can step in and help instead of recording and instigating.
One damaging myth about crime is definitely the thought that defunding the police will impact police brutality. Defunding the police doesn’t help but take away resources and officer hours to help the community stop crime from happening. The article states “For one, murder clearance rates — that is, the proportion of offenses in which police make an arrest — dropped to historic lows in 2020, meaning many murders went unsolved.” This not only hurts statistics but also hurts relationships with the police and the community they serve because they feel they cannot trust the police to get the job done. “a sudden decrease in police activity can lead to a spike in crime or violence, especially if the pullback is triggered by citizen protests.” During the 2020 George Floyd protest, the police were getting heavy pushback from the protesters and instead of focusing on crime control, crowd control was their main priority. As a result, riots were a big thing, especially in New York. Stores were getting robbed and no one was there to stop them.
The most damaging myths about crime is that most crime is committed in lower income neighborhoods. That is one of the most damaging myths because, the impact it can have on not just one person, but the whole community is otherworldly. Not only can does it affect how we are perceived, but also how we are treated. If we decide to apply to a certain job or a certain school, there could be a chance we can get denied because of where we live. They can automatically assume that we will be troublesome and give a bad rep to the job and/or school. It can take opportunities from us. In lower income neighborhoods, there is always a light shined on us associating us with crime. As a community, something as simple as trash cans, aren’t available to us in every corner. The city and state will always hyper focus on cleaning up and providing as much resources to middle class and rich communities, but leave the lower income communities out of it.
I agree, saying that crime is the most committed in low income areas is definitely one of the most damaging myths and it can definitely hurt the community that lives there. Also I believe it hurts many of the people that live there and the way they may be perceived.
What I believe is the most damaging myths of crime trend is Bail Reform. Some people believe that after the major passing of bail reform legislation in 2019 that there has been a spike in crime but there has not been any evidence to back that claim. According to the article it states ” there is no clear or obvious pattern in violent crime trends in jurisdictions that have adopted pretrial reforms- Harris County, Texas; Cook County, Illinois; Philadelphia; and New Jersey.” Also there was not any indication that the rearrests rates rose after Bail Reform. I believe this shows that Bail Reform isn’t a reason for any crime trends and that it is more of speculation and claims than fact.
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