Q1

The court system is not swayed by political winds or partisan infighting. So, they would be able to protect the rights of minority groups or individuals. For example, Justice Anthony Kennedy, appointed by Republican President Reagan, became a swing vote and sometimes siding with the more conservative justice, but at other times not. Also, Justice John Roberts has twice voted to uphold provisions of the Affordable Care Act.

Q2

Although judges are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate rather than being elected by popular vote. This arrangement, as mentioned in Question 1, is designed to ensure that judges would be able to protect the rights of minority groups. If judges are elected by popular vote, they will naturally protect only the interests of the majority and ignore the minority

Q1

What is new about the “War on Terror” is that the enemy’s actions are designed to inflict psychological panic upon society and people. Traditional war is a struggle for land and resources

Q2

It violates privacy rights in the Fourth Amendment because “roving wiretaps” allow police to monitor multiple devices belonging to a suspect with just a single warrant. Also, this makes it more likely that the voices of other people will be overheard if they are near the device being monitored.

Q3

This also violates the Fourth Amendment requirement that police cannot enter people’ houses without their knowledge

Q1

The “Establishment Clause” is a component of the First Constitution, it means to prohibit Congress from establishing or promoting religions supported by the government. The “Lemon Test” is a standard established by the Supreme Court and used to determine whether a law might promote a particular religion

Q2

Burning the American flag is protected by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This is because in the case of Gregory Lee Johnson, although Johnson was arrested for burning a national flag during a protest. But after the case was appealed to the Supreme Court, the court ruled that his arrest for burning the flag was unconstitutional.

Q3

It means they have the right to remain silent from the law enforcement officers or policeman

Q1

“Repressive State Apparatus” means institutions such as courts, prisons, the military, and police departments. Althusser terms them “repressive” because they control the people through violence. For example, people are imprisoned for breaking the law, and therefore obey various laws enacted by the government, whether those laws are just or unjust.

Q2

“Ideological State Apparatuses” means schools, the media, and churches. These institutions output the views that the government wants people to know, thereby making people believe that these views are correct.

Q3

The Repressive State Apparatus make you obey authority because of the fear of punishment. The Ideological State Apparatuses make you obey authority because you believe it is the right choice.

Q4

This is an example of ideological State Apparatuses regarding calorie intake for health.

https://youtube.com/shorts/NZBJvtSbFww?si=7Q5Mqzanbpk1Rlvs

Q1

Ideology serves as a tool for people to understand the world of politics, define their own political stances, and construct personal identities. However, the ruling class exploits this idea to safeguard its own interests by using repressive apparatuses and ideological apparatuses. For example, schools are an ideological apparatus where students are taught to obey authority, which is represented by teachers. If they violate authority, they will be punished, and the punishment is usually carried out by a repressive apparatus. In general, the ruling classrepresents this authority, using media, religion, and other ideological apparatuses to discipline people and thereby maintain their power.

Q2

Conservatives consider Liberty to be the most importance and believe that the government poses a threat to liberty when the government has too much power. For example, Conservatives believe that only Free Market can generate a better economy and greater opportunities, and that a free market requires the government to avoid excessive involvement. 

Liberal ideology considers Equality to be the most importance and believes that only the government could bring Equality for everyone. For example, Liberal ideology believes the market must be regulated by the government to protect consumers.

Q3

Althusser believes ideology as a tool used by the ruling class to maintain its interests. He also believes that ideology does not win people over oppression but rather trains a person to accept the ideology through the behavior of others. For example, in schools, students are taught to follow teachers’ instructions, raise their hands before speaking, and observe other norms. This is the school preparing students in advance to get used to obeying many other authorities in the future 

Q1 
An owner is someone whose income comes primarily from investments, such as stocks or rental property. Shareholder is an example of owners. Employees are people whose income comes from wages, factory workers are an example of employees. 
 
Q2 
The quote by Adam Smith means that all the steps required to transform a natural resource into a product rely on the labor of workers, rather than on money. What he meant to say is that wealth is not created by capitalists or money, but by laborers. Capitalists are able to obtain immense wealth because they have others work for them and then take the most outcome. 
 
Q3 
It made me realize that Class cannot be viewed as a cultural identity or symbol. Class forces people to strive for survival by engaging in specific behaviors. For example, laborers mustprovide labor. For example, laborers must rely on companies to secure employment and make a living. 
 
Q4 
This close form of interdependence means that both the laborer and the capitalist need each other to survive and maintain their position of the class. This is because most workers have nothing but their own labor. Then, they must rely on capitalists for wages to survive. Even though capitalists hold vast capital and machinery, they cannot manufacture goods or earnprofits without hiring workers. 

Q1 

What surprised me most is that 90% of households across the United States have virtually no net worth. This means these households have almost no resilience against financial shocks. For example, a serious illness involving high medical costs could effectively spell their doom.  

Q2 

Capitalists might lay off workers and cut wages to pursuit maximum profit. I still remember a while ago, Amazon employees posted videos online about how terrible their working conditions were, but their wages weren’t enough to support them. 

In M-C-M’, the first M represents the initial capital held by the capitalist. C represents the means of production and labor power bought by the capitalist using that initial capital, and the second M represents the money obtained by the capitalist through the sale of the products made from the laborer. Typically, the final amount of money M’ obtained is more than the initialamount of M. Alos, because capitalists recognize the value of labor power which the laborers do not realize. Consequently, through the M-C-M’ process, capitalists continuously earn profit and surplus value, then reinvesting them into  M-C-M’ cycles to accumulate wealth.