Parenti makes a fundamental distinction owners live mostly off of investments, stocks, bonds rentals, etc. their wealth comes from the labor of others while employees live mostly off of wages, salaries, etc. they must work for a living he also adds an important clarification not everyone who owns a business is a part of the own in class. Small business owners must get up and work every day alongside their employees and struggle to survive. Most of these small business owners are victims of the lies, told to them by capitalism an example of an owner is a shareholder in a major corporation who receives income from dividends and never has to work for this money while an example of an employee is a factory worker who earns an hourly wage and even in high paid corporate manager, who must still show up and work it doesn’t matter how high up on the chain you are if you must show up and work to receive money you are an employee. 

Smith is basically saying that labor is the true source of value money is just what we used to represent that value, but it’s just a symbol not the real worth the real worth of anything comes from the human effort that went into creating it for example trees become paper or furniture, and while those end products cost money, their value is placed by how much labor was went into it the more time and labor is spent on something they more money. It’s cost money at the end of the day is just a very convenient way to measure an exchange value, but it is not value itself.

Heideman’s key point stating that class isn’t about how you identify or what lifestyle you have, it’s about what you have to do to live and what interest follows from that. For example a nurse and a farmer have very different incomes and education levels, however both must work for wages, and both face employers trying to extract as much as possible from them. They shared this similarity regardless of how they identify. 

Heideman contrasts class with the race to explain this whiteness as an identity does not depend on a particular relationship with a non-white race a racist in an anti-racist are equally white with class is different the close form of dependency is basically this to be. A worker means that you have to be directly dependent on the specific capitalist for a job and to be a capitalist means to be directly dependent on exploiting your worker to maintain your position neither can exist without the other for an example. I work at Amazon as a warehouse worker. I rely on Amazon to give me my paycheck so I can survive Amazon depends on exploiting me in unfair ways  

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1. To me ideology is a belief which forms a foundation of how one perceives the social and political landscape. To be specific. It is not an opinion, but a perspective and this perspective makes one able to consider what is natural, normal and right from wrong. Also influences how one judges events and justify or condemn the way society is organized. 
2. An example of this would be the common belief that “anyone can be rich if they just work hard enough” this is an ideological statement. It gives the perspective of success is simply a matter of effort and not a matter of factors beyond once control such as inherited wealth or access to education as well as discrimination
3. The way I see ideology is it operating on two levels it’s either political or social in regards to political ideology, you could say liberalism supports the government being more involved, ensuring equality for all while conservatism supports a limited government involvement which supports liberty in regards to the social aspect I believe it’s a bit more subtle. For example, the ideology of consumerism makes it feel like constantly buying is natural. and not something forced upon us by rich companies. Those above us maintain and introduce these ideologies through media and school and religious institutions to the point where these ideologies don’t feel like ideologies anymore they feel like “common sense“. 

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The contrast between liberalism and conservatism in regards to politics, revolves around the role of the government and the source of social problems and their solutions 

In regards to conservative ideology, this is based on liberty, tradition and individual responsibility. The belief is that a centralized government poses a threat towards the individual freedoms which can stifle economic efficiency. Conservative ideology believes that the best solutions are found in private initiatives, a free market, and local governance, as well as being deeply rooted in tradition, such as a traditional family structure, strong religious values, and national customs. These three are the foundation of a stable society. Also, if change should be made— if any, should be cautious and incremental. For example, a conservative would believe that high taxes to fund social welfare programs are enabling laziness and therefore problematic, and as a result, stifle economic growth by creating government dependency. A wiser solution would be to encourage economic growth through tax breaks and deregulation, allowing local communities to help those in need through work.

In contrast, liberal ideology emphasizes equality, progress and social responsibility. Unlike conservatism, liberal ideology believes an active government is foundational in a successful society. A government is necessary to correct market failures, protect civil rights and provide social safety and create equal and fear opportunities for all, not just the privileged. And focusing on social justice and structural inequalities based on race, gender and class through proactive policy to create a more inclusive society . For example, liberals believe that universal healthcare funded by taxes is a  necessity as access to healthcare is a right, not a privilege and a free market would fail to provide equal access. An active government would be needed to ensure that everyone, regardless of income, would receive the care that they need which, as a result, creates a more productive society.

In conclusion, the conflict between conservative ideology and liberal ideology causes the fundamental difference between prioritizing liberty and tradition versus prioritizing, equality and reform as the correct path to a successful society. 

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 When it comes to Louis Althusser he believes that ideology is a material which exists in our actions and institutional routine. He believes that ideology calls out to us, and if we recognize ourselves in that call, and as a result respond, we get placed in a predetermined social role, such as law abiding citizens.

An example of this would be to consider a typical school day students go to class, eat and leave based on the sign of a bell, sit in assigned seats, raise their hands to speak and get evaluated by grades. This  ideological state apparatus, which would be the school, teaches a respect for authority and acceptance of  hierarchy. If a student accepts and internalizes this, they are seen as a future citizen that everyone should strive for, they are not consciously viewing themselves as a person who is being trained for a capitalistic system. It is simply being seen as common sense.

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A repressive state apparatus is the congregation of institutions which functions by violence or, the threat of violence to maintain social order and enforce a class system

Althusser calls it repressive because at the core of it it represses actions or challenges to the state through force. This is usually done in a public and often dramatic way, for example trials and imprisonment. The meaning of the word repressive means to be pushed down or to suppress behavior that is not deemed acceptable.

For example, the police, the court systems, prisons, and the military are classic repressive state apparatus. When at a protest when someone is arrested by the police, then tried in court and sent to prison. The repressive state apparatus is functioning at its truest form. It is using legal punishment to end an unfavorable behavior.

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Ideological state apparatus are a bit more indirect instead of using force and potentially violence. They use ideas, beliefs, and values to keep public order. This is done by working through the education system, persuasion and routine practice. Unlike repressive state apparatus. Ideological state apparatus shapes, our world view internally by persuading us into the role of a model: student, worker, citizen, etc. by making us believe that this is normal and natural—on the same level as common sense. Instead of forcing us, their main goal is to make us want to comply

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The difference between them lies within their motive, operation, and the structure. The repressive apparatus uses violence and coercion to ensure compliance, while the ideological state apparatus functions by teaching norms in schools and promoting values in social media, shaping our belief from the inside, making it feel natural, not forced.

4. An example of ideological state apparatus