{"id":1821,"date":"2024-12-28T12:53:57","date_gmt":"2024-12-28T17:53:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/?p=1821"},"modified":"2025-05-05T16:48:29","modified_gmt":"2025-05-05T20:48:29","slug":"medicinal-plants-in-afro-brazil-bsaa-science-edition-fall-2024","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/2024\/12\/28\/medicinal-plants-in-afro-brazil-bsaa-science-edition-fall-2024\/","title":{"rendered":"Medicinal Plants in Afro-Brazil (BSAA Science Edition Fall 2024)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Student Researchers<\/strong>: Kiyanna Kinsey, Mizan Chin, Rokhaya Diop, Tachchapak Rittaprom<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>External Collaborators<\/strong>: Alex&nbsp;Alberto Santos and Tatiana Damasceno<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Project Overview<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In this project, we aim to identify and research medicinal plants and their cultural significance in various Afro-descendant communities in Brazil. We also provide a brief historical and cultural context of Afro-descendants, delving into the relevance of medicinal plants in Afro-Brazilian religious practices and cultural beliefs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Our three primary research questions are<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Which medicinal plants are used among different Afro-descendant communities in Brazil? How are these medicinal plant uses shared among these communities?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What medicinal properties do these plants have, and how are they used?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How are medicinal plants connected to Afro-Brazilian culture, religion, and spirituality?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Methods and Approach<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use keyword searches (<em>ethnobotany, medical plants, ethnopharmacology, Afro-descendant, Afro-Brazil, Brazilian traditional medicine<\/em>) in online databases to locate topic-relevant sources\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Evaluate sources to locate information<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Utilize online blogs and personal accounts to locate further information on everyday uses of plant\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Blogs described techniques and preparations of plants for various uses, including medicinal purposes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Consult with collaborators from Brazil, Tatiana Damasceno and Alex Alberto Santos, to develop a Brazilian cultural context<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Field trip to Reyes Botanica in Washington Heights, Manhattan to develop an understanding of the cultural uses of medicinal plants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Results and key findings:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Using information from ethnobotanical studies of various Afro-descendent communities around Brazil, we created a table containing a list of medicinal plants and indicated whether or not each plant is reported to be used in each of the communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From this table, we selected plants that occurred in multiple communities to research their medicinal properties and cultural significance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>From our research we created:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>An <strong>interactive map of Brazil<\/strong> highlighting several Afro-descendant communities in Brazil and a few medicinal plants used in each community<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An <strong>interactive diagram<\/strong> showcasing the effects of select medicinal plants on the human body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A <strong>table<\/strong> identifying medicinal plants used by six different Afro-descendant Brazilian communities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An <strong>interactive pamphlet<\/strong> highlighting the background, specific medicinal uses, chemical properties, and cultural significance of 5 select medicinal plants: <em>Ruta graveolens, Capsicum Frutescens, Plectranthus Amboinicus, Hymenaea Courbaris, <\/em>and<em> Hyptis Crenata<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/Medicinal-Plants-in-Afro-Brazil-BSAA-Science-Edition-2024-Presentation.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Medicinal Plants in Afro-Brazil BSAA Science Edition 2024 Presentation.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-1885af39-b61a-46b6-b1b3-0a31ae8b1a69\" href=\"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/Medicinal-Plants-in-Afro-Brazil-BSAA-Science-Edition-2024-Presentation.pdf\">Medicinal Plants in Afro-Brazil BSAA Science Edition 2024 Presentation<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/Medicinal-Plants-in-Afro-Brazil-BSAA-Science-Edition-2024-Presentation.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-1885af39-b61a-46b6-b1b3-0a31ae8b1a69\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Brief History of the African Diaspora in Brazil<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>Enslaved people from many different African regions were brought to Brazil during colonization in the 1500s. This forced displacement and removal of these people from their country and cultures of origin created the African diaspora in Brazil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After slavery was abolished in 1888, <strong>Afro-descendant<\/strong>s in Brazil continued to face societal challenges: they were persecuted by discriminatory and racist laws and policies that attacked their cultures, religions, and communities. Consequently, Brazil is heavily racially and ethnically segregated. Northern Brazil is where the largest number of Afro-descendants reside due to colonization patterns and immigration policies, which encouraged white immigrants to displace black Brazilians in southern Brazil.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">MAP OF BRAZIL<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Highlights several Afro-descendant communities in Brazil. The hotspots feature the name of the community, location, and a brief, non-exhaustive list of medicinal plants used in these communities<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-6\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"6\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Brazil Map\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>Despite this geographical segregation of race, there are numerous Afro-descendant communities spread throughout Brazil. In part due to their separation from other parts of Brazilian society, many Afro-descendant communities have developed distinct cultures and lifestyles. Many of the more traditional settlements \u201cdepend on the local environment as a primary source of resources, especially plants for traditional medicine.\u201d<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An example of traditional Afro-descendant communities is the <strong>maroon settlements<\/strong>, which are also referred to as <strong>Quilombos. <\/strong>These settlements were often created by escaped or free slaves and continue to exist today. They consist of Afro-Brazilian descendants who identify themselves with their history, including African ancestry and an identity related to historical resistance to oppression.\u201d<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Important to note: not all traditional Afro-descendent communities are rural; there are urban Quilombos as well. Not all Afro-descendant and black Brazilians live in Quilombos or subscribe to tradition.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>Race in Brazil<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Racial identity in Brazil functions differently than in the United States, with \u201cblack\u201d and &#8220;Afro-descendent&#8221; typically used to refer to those with explicit visual identification and\/or direct ethnic or cultural connections to Africans, as opposed to mixed-race Brazilians with African heritage.&nbsp;However, due to the complex racial history of Brazil, these categories are not explicitly defined and are subject to variation in the contexts of politics and self-identification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Plants in the <strong>Afro-descendant religion Candombl\u00e9<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>There is a significant overlap between plants used for medicine and religion.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plants play a significant role in the religious practices and spiritual, medicinal system of the Afro-descendant religion Candombl\u00e9. In Candombl\u00e9 and many other Afro-descendant religions, &#8220;health is understood comprehensively, considering physical and spiritual aspects.&#8221;2 Plants, in addition to people and animals, contain a sacred, spiritual energy called ax\u00e9. Ax\u00e9 is crucial to life, and a deficit or imbalance can negatively affect one&#8217;s well-being. Thus, plants can be used to affect one&#8217;s ax\u00e9 for healing purposes. The healing properties of plants can be accessed not only through physical medicinal applications but also through religious activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/11\/Terreiro-Ile-A\u1e63ipa.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1860\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/11\/Terreiro-Ile-A\u1e63ipa.jpg 800w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/11\/Terreiro-Ile-A\u1e63ipa-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/11\/Terreiro-Ile-A\u1e63ipa-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/11\/Terreiro-Ile-A\u1e63ipa-570x380.jpg 570w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Terreiro_Il%C3%AA_A%E1%B9%A3ip%C3%A1-11601.jpg\">Terreiro Il\u00ea A\u1e63ip\u00e1<\/a> by Paul R. Burley <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p>Plants that are used for religious purposes typically occur in Candombl\u00e9 houses of worship, which are called <strong>terreiros<\/strong>. Terreiros are often located within Quilombos and other Afro-descendant communities. Many terreiros have outdoor areas where medicinal, religious, and spiritually relevant plants are cultivated on-site.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p>Relevant to the religious practices and use of plants in Candombl\u00e9 is a pantheon of gods called <strong>orix\u00e1s<\/strong>. Most medicinal plants are associated with specific orix\u00e1s based on the plants visual and medicinal characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, the cooling and soothing properties of <em>poejo <\/em>(Mentha pulegium) are associated with <strong>Oxum<\/strong>, the feminine orix\u00e1 of running water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ossaim <\/strong>is the orix\u00e1 of &#8220;sacred leaves&#8221;: plants with medicinal, spiritual, and religious significance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1152\" height=\"2048\" src=\"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/Ossaim.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1929\" style=\"width:233px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/Ossaim.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/Ossaim-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/Ossaim-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/Ossaim-768x1365.jpg 768w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/Ossaim-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/Ossaim-570x1013.jpg 570w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1152px) 100vw, 1152px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ossanha.jpg\">Ossaim, the Orixa of &#8220;sacred leaves&#8221;<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/User:TiagoLubiana\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/User:TiagoLubiana\">Tiago Lubiana<\/a> in Public Domain <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Plants and their ax\u00e9 are crucial parts of many Candombl\u00e9 ceremonies and rituals. Sacred leaves are mixed together into a liquid called <strong>ab\u00f4,&nbsp;<\/strong>which is used in spiritual cleansing and purification baths. Ab\u00f4 is also used in the &#8220;making of saint&#8221; (initiation into the cult of orix\u00e1s). Plants are also used as offerings, to ward off spirits, to dispel and absorb energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" src=\"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/2008_agboro_e_yagba_120.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1978\" style=\"width:959px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/2008_agboro_e_yagba_120.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/2008_agboro_e_yagba_120-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/2008_agboro_e_yagba_120-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/2008_agboro_e_yagba_120-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/2008_agboro_e_yagba_120-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2143\/2024\/12\/2008_agboro_e_yagba_120-570x428.jpg 570w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Filha-de-santo (Candombl\u00e9 priest) holding leaves in her hand, possessed by Ossaim. Photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/User:Toluaye\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/User:Toluaye\">Toluaye<\/a> in Public Domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>Defining Medicinal Plants<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A <strong>medicinal plant<\/strong> is a plant that has therapeutic and preventive applications or can be used to improve health. The comprehensive and interdisciplinary study of medicinal plants and their cultural significance and uses falls into the realm of <strong>ethnobotany<\/strong>, <strong>ethnomedicine<\/strong>, and <strong>ethnopharmacology<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bioactive compounds are the source of medicinal plants&#8217; therapeutic properties. All medicinal plants contain numerous bioactive compounds with varying effects on the human body. Due to this wide variety of bioactive compounds, one plant could have multiple different medicinal applications. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Functions of medicinal plants:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Treat specific ailments \u2013 ex, anthelmintic, anti-microbial<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sooth ailments \u2013 ex: pain relief, poultice<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Health improvement, enhancing the function of the body\u2019s systems \u2013 ex: supplements, anti-oxidants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><em>Forms of medicine derived from medicinal plants<\/em><\/strong>: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Leaf tea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chewing leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dried leaves (for smoking)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vapors (from leaves steeped in hot water)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Leaf juices and oils<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Syrup (plant boiled &amp; reduced)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Garrafadas (bottled medicine created by steeping leaves in sterilized water, white wine, of cacha\u00e7a)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><em>Medicinal plant usage methods<\/em><\/strong>: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Internal consumption<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Topical application<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Smoked<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vapor inhalation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Oppression of Afro-descendants in Brazil did not end when slavery was abolished. Cultural, religious, and traditional practices, including the use of medicinal herbs, continued to be suppressed, discredited, and denied legitimacy by Brazil.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, traditional medicine is starting to be recognized by the Brazilian government: new health codes in Brazil integrate traditional and religious healing into healthcare practices. In addition to being legally recognized (and \u201clegitimized\u201d), traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is increasingly relevant in the field of pharmaceutical developments: \u201cInvestigations based on traditional knowledge present a higher success rate in the identification of plants with pharmacological activity in comparison to randomly selected species.\u201d<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Citations<\/summary>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Agostinho, Adelaide Bela, Maria In\u00eas Pires Neves Esteves, Natalia Hanazaki, Maria Corette Pasa, Olga Maria Duarte Silva, and Sofia Zank,. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.br\/j\/abb\/a\/YbQGtLtyPYZMG89JxdYckWj\/#\">Medicinal plants in cultures of Afro-descendant communities in Brazil, Europe and Africa<\/a>.\u201d <em>Acta Botanica Brasilica<\/em> 33, (Spring 2019): <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0102-33062019abb0163\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0102-33062019abb0163<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hanazaki, Natalia, Tiago Santos Pagnocca, and Sofia Zank. <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7183622\/\">&#8220;The plants have ax\u00e9&#8221;: investigating the use of plants in Afro-Brazilian religions of Santa Catarina Island<\/a>.\u201d <em>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine<\/em> 16, (April 2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13002-020-00372-6\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13002-020-00372-6<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Braga, Fern\u00e3o Castro Braga. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcms.2020.06.005.\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcms.2020.06.005.\">Brazilian traditional medicine: Historical basis, features and potentialities for pharmaceutical development.<\/a>&#8221; <em>Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Science<\/em> 8, Supplement 1 (2021): 44-50. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcms.2020.06.005.\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcms.2020.06.005.<\/a> <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">INTERACTIVE DIAGRAM<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Showcases the effects of select medicinal plants on the human body<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-8\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"8\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Medicinal Plants Interactive Map\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TABLE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Demonstrates a level of commonality within the medicinal plant usage of Afro-descendants in Brazil.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Source key:<\/summary>\n<p>1 = Ethnomedicinal survey of a maroon community in Brazil\u2019s Atlantic tropical forest<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2 = The Ethnobotany of an Afro-Brazilian Community at Sertao do Valongo, Santa Catarina, Brazil<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3 = Sacred Leaves of Candombl\u00e9: African Magic, Medicine, and Religion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4 = Medicinal plants in cultures of Afro-descendant communities in Brazil, Europe and Africa<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5 = The Use of Medicinal Plants by the Cultural Descendants of African People in Brazil<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6 = The plants have ax\u00e9: investigating the use of plants in Afro-Brazilian religions of Santa Catarina Island<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Common Name<\/th><th>Scientific Name<\/th><th>1<\/th><th>2<\/th><th>3 <\/th><th>4<\/th><th>5<\/th><th>6<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Boticudo ou Man\u00e9-velho<\/td><td>Acanthospermum hispidum<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Leopoldina<\/td><td>Alpinia zerumbet<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Benzetacil<\/td><td>Alternanthera brasiliana<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cajueiro<\/td><td>Anacardium occidentale<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Abacaxi<\/td><td>Ananas comosus<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Graviola<\/td><td>Annona muricata<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Margosa<\/td><td>Artemisia absinthium<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Beterraba<\/td><td>Beta vulgaris<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pic\u00e3o<\/td><td>Bidens pilosa<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cai\u00e7ara<\/td><td>Borreria verticillata<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Folha-da-fortuna, folha-da-costa<\/td><td>Bryophyllum pinnatum<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mric\u00ed<\/td><td>Byrsonima<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pimenta<\/td><td>Capsicum frutesens<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mam\u00e3o<\/td><td>Carica papaya<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emba\u00faba, aba\u00f4<\/td><td>Cecropia<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mastruz, wormseed<\/td><td>Chenopodium ambrosiodes<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Laranja-de-terra, bitter orange<\/td><td>Citrus aurantium<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Folha-do-fogo, ewe ain\u00e3<\/td><td>Clidemia<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cansa\u00e7\u00e3o, jojof\u00e1<\/td><td>Cnidoscolus urens<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cana-de-macaco<\/td><td>Costus spiralis<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Papai nicolau<\/td><td>Coutoubea spicata<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cana-de-cheiro<\/td><td>Cymbopogon citratus<\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eucalipto<\/td><td>Eucalyptus globulus<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cagaita, cagaiterra<\/td><td>Eugenia dysenterica<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pitanga<\/td><td>Eugenia uniflora<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jasmin-do-brejo<\/td><td>Hedychium coronarium<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ppurga-do-campo<\/td><td>Hybanthus calceolaria<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Neve cheiroso<\/td><td>Hyptis suaveolens<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pinh\u00e3o roxo<\/td><td>Jatropha gossypiifolia<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Anador<\/td><td>Justicia pectoralis<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lettuce<\/td><td>Lactuca sativa<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cambara branca, cambara<\/td><td>Lantana camara<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cord\u00e3o-de-S\u00e3o Francisco<\/td><td>Leonotis nepetifolia<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bibor felho<\/td><td>Malva sylvestris<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Manga<\/td><td>Mangifera indica<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mandioca<\/td><td>Manihot esculenta<\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>x<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Data taken from 6 different sources studying medicinal plant use in Brazilian Afro-descendant communities. Non-exhaustive list, and only includes plants mentioned in 2 or more sources.  <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">INTERACTIVE PLANT PROFILES <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Interactive booklet focusing on five specific medicinal plants:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ad2f72ca wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p><em>Ruta graveolens<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Capsicum Frutescens<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Plectranthus Amboinicus<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Hymenaea Courbaril<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Hyptis Crenata<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Demonstrates how medicinal plants can have numerous applications. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-11\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"11\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Medicinal Plants Interactive Booklet\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Student Researchers: Kiyanna Kinsey, Mizan Chin, Rokhaya Diop, Tachchapak Rittaprom External Collaborators: Alex&nbsp;Alberto Santos and Tatiana Damasceno Project Overview In this project, we aim to identify and research medicinal plants and their cultural significance in various Afro-descendant communities in Brazil. We also provide a brief historical and cultural context of Afro-descendants, delving into the relevance [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8527,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"portfolio_post_id":0,"portfolio_citation":"","portfolio_annotation":"","openlab_post_visibility":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28,15],"tags":[],"coauthors":[124],"class_list":{"0":"post-1821","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-black-studies-oers","7":"category-brazil","8":"czr-hentry"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1821","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8527"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1821"}],"version-history":[{"count":54,"href":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1821\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2353,"href":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1821\/revisions\/2353"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1821"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1821"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1821"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu\/black-studies-across-the-americas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1821"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}